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BIO 301 Lec > Week 12 (exam 4) > Flashcards

Week 12 (exam 4) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the parts of the upper digestive system?

A

Buccal or oral cavity

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

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2
Q

What separates the upper and lower digestive system?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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3
Q

What are the parts of the lower digestive tract?

A

Small intestines

Cecum

Large intestine or colon

Rectum

Anus

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4
Q

What does mechanical mean?

A

Chewing up food

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5
Q

What is the buccal or oral cavity?

A

Mouth- entry site for digestive tract

Chewing or Mastication

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6
Q

What is mastication?

A

Pulmonary breakdown of the food

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7
Q

What are the order of the teeth front to back?

A

Incisors

Canines

Bicuspids

Molars

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8
Q

What are the incisors?

A

Front teeth

Chisel shaped

Chop off a piece of food

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9
Q

What are the canines?

A

Next to incisors

Piercing teeth

Work with incisors

Greatly reduced

Fangs in other species

Used as weapons and way to distinguish male and female

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10
Q

What are the bicuspids and molars?

A

Flat teeth in back of mouth

Grind/ pulverize food

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11
Q

Where is saliva produced?

A

Salivary glands

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12
Q

What does saliva do to the food?

A

Lubricates and moistens the food

Makes food into a solid ball of material- bolus

Contains enzyme amylase

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13
Q

What is a bolus?

A

When saliva turns food into a solid ball of material

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14
Q

What is amylase?

A

Starch digesting enzyme

Begins chemical digestion of starch to glucose (sugar)

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15
Q

What is salivary amylase?

A

Same thing as amylase but called this because it is found in your saliva

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16
Q

Where does the tongue flick the bolus?

A

Pharynx

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17
Q

What is a pharynx?

A

Place in throat where the food and air passage ways cross

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18
Q

What does your trachea or windpipe have?

A

Rings of cartilage

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19
Q

Air goes down where…?

Food goes down where…?

A

Trachea

Esophagus

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20
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx and explain

A

1) Nasopharynx- back of nasal cavity
2) Oropharynx- behind mouth and where food and air passage cross
3) Laryngopharynx- outside your voice box (larynx)

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21
Q

What does deglutition mean?

A

Swallowing

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22
Q

When the bolus is flipped back with the tongue, what happens after?

A

Pressure of the food starts swallowing reflex

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23
Q

What does peristalsis mean and where is it seen first?

A

Waves of muscular contraction that propel food through digestive tract

Seen first in esophagus

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24
Q

What are the 2 basic layers of smooth muscle found in your esophagus?

A

1) circular (laid out)

2) longitudinal

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25
Q

What is the circular smooth muscle?

A

When they contract they squeeze esophagus and food goes down

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26
Q

What is longitudinal smooth muscle?

A

Fibers running up and down following the esophagus

Shortens the esophagus allowing good to go down faster

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27
Q

What does the circular and longitudinal muscles do together?

A

Push bolus into stomach

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28
Q

What does lumen mean?

A

Hollow interior

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29
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

1) holding area for food you have eaten already
2) where chemical breakdown and some mechanical breakdown happens and food liquifies here (chyme)
3) where a good deal of protein digestion takes place

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30
Q

What does chyme mean?

A

Liquified food

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31
Q

What does emesis mean?

A

Vomit

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32
Q

What are the 3 parts of the stomach in order?

A

1) Cardiac region
2) Fundic region
3) Pyloric region

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33
Q

What kind of cells are in the cardiac and pyloric region?

A

Goblet cells

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34
Q

What kind of cells are in the fundic region?

A

Parietal cells and chief cells

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35
Q

What are proteolytic enzymes?

A

Enzymes that digest proteins

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36
Q

Where is pepsin found and what secrets it?

A

Found in stomach

Secreted by chief cells but not directly

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37
Q

What are chief cells?

A

Secret Pepsinogen into stomach then converted into Pepsin

38
Q

What do parietal cells secret?

A

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

39
Q

What does Hydrochloric acid (HCl) do?

A

Denatures protein molecules by unraveling knot and pepsin chops them into amino acids

40
Q

What is the optimal pH for pepsin and amylase?

A

Pepsin- 2

Amylase- 7

41
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Secret mucin (mucus) which is basic

Coating lining of stomach with mucus

42
Q

What is mucus used for?

A

Barrier so stomach won’t digest itself

Incredibly tough

43
Q

Where is the cardiac sphincter located?

A

Between esophagus and stomach

44
Q

What is the cardiac sphincter?

A

Not a true sphincter and not completely effective

45
Q

When stomach acid and enzymes go up to the end of the esophagus what can that cause?

A

Heartburn or acid reflux

46
Q

What is a sphincter?

A

Circular and smooth

Acts like a door

47
Q

What does reflux do?

A

Eat away wall of esophagus

48
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of the stomach

Either too much acid, mucus of stomach wall not effective, or not producing enough mucus

49
Q

What is a gastric ulcer?

A

A hole digested in the wall of the stomach

50
Q

What does gastro mean?

A

Stomach

51
Q

What are some things that get absorbed in the stomach?

A

Water

Milk

Aspirin

Alcohol (absorbed as soon as it hits your mouth)

52
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Between stomach and small intestine

Distinct circular smooth muscle

If it is closed nothing goes through it

If opened things can go through

Only something liquified or small particles can get through

A true sphincter

53
Q

What is the dyodenum?

A

Beginning part of small intestine

Receives chyme from stomach

Digestive accessory structure

Pancreatic duct from pancreas

54
Q

What is an accessory structure?

A

Organs that connect to digestive system and contribute to digestive process

55
Q

What is pancreatic juice?

A

From pancreas goes into duodenum

Contains:

  • bicarbonate
  • lipase
  • trypsin
  • pancreatic amylase
56
Q

What does bicarbonate do?

A

Neutralizes acid

57
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Breaks down fat

Can only attack the surface of fat cells

Not effective

58
Q

What is trypsin?

A

Protein digester

Releases amino acids

Works in different pH

59
Q

What is pancreatic amylase?

A

Released for breakdown of starch

60
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

Endocrine- secrets hormones directly into blood

61
Q

What is another accessory structure?

A

Liver

62
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Has bile ducts

Makes bile

Gall bladder stored bile

63
Q

What are bile ducts?

A

Ducts connecting liver to duodenum

64
Q

What is in bile?

A

Bile salts

65
Q

What are bile salts?

A

Help lipase break down fats

One side is hydrophilic and other side hydrophobic

Hydrophobic part loves lipids and start breaking down big fat cell into smaller particles so lipase can break it down

66
Q

What does emulsify mean?

A

Break down

67
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

Primary place to absorb nutrients into your blood

More surface area better for absorption

Extremely long

Complex folding

Have villi

68
Q

What are villi?

A

Finger like structures projecting out and increase surface area

Have microuilli

69
Q

Arteries become what and then what?

A

Arteries—-> Arterioles (smaller vessels)——> capillaries (microscopic)

Found in small intestine

70
Q

Veins become what?

A

Venules

Found in small intestine

71
Q

Monosaccharides especially glucose is brought where? (In small intestine)

A

Into the blood

72
Q

Fatty acids cannot be carried into the blood because? (In small intestine)

A

Hydrophobic

Carried in lymphatic system

73
Q

Small things enter the blood through what…?

Large things like fatty acids enter the blood through what…?

A

Capillaries

Lymphatic system

74
Q

What is the hepatic portal system?

A

Specialized system of veins

75
Q

What does hepatic mean?

A

Liver

76
Q

What are the standard order of veins?

A

Capillaries—-> venules——> veins——> heart

77
Q

What is the portal system order of veins?

A

Capillaries—-> venules—-> veins—-> venules——> capillaries

78
Q

What is a capillary bed?

A

System of veins that have capillaries on both sides

Picks up something from one bed

Let’s something go from other bed

79
Q

What does the capillary in the intestines pick up?

What does the capillary in the liver absorb?

A

Chyme

Toxins

80
Q

What does the liver store?

A

Store glycogen

Glycogen- polysaccharide

81
Q

What are the 2 kinds of contractions in the small intestine?

A

1) peristalsis

2) segmentation

82
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Simultaneous construction in small intestine at different places

To keep chyme mixed up periodically to get fresh chyme against the wall for absorption

83
Q

What does the pressure difference do?

A

Move material from small to large intestine

84
Q

What is the cecum?

A

Vastigle structure

Had vermiform appendix- the reduced tip of the cecum

85
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

Appendix becomes inflamed and dumps fecal matter in abdominal cavity

86
Q

What is the large intestine or colon?

A

Removes water out of chyme and end up with feces or fecal waste

87
Q

What are the bile pigments?

A

Orange/ yellow in color

Make feces a certain color

88
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Tube of anus

Last part of the tube

Anal sphincter- outer is skeletal muscle
Inner is smooth muscle

89
Q

What is the anus?

A

Butthole

90
Q

What does elimination mean?

A

Removal of digested material

91
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Subdivision of autonomic nervous system

Build into digestive system

Capable of operating on its own

Parasympathetic and sympathetic connections

Brain of the gut

Controls digestive system

BIO 301 Lec (27 decks)

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