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BIO 301 Lec > Week 12 (exam 4) > Flashcards

Week 12 (exam 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the upper digestive system?

A

Buccal or oral cavity

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

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2
Q

What separates the upper and lower digestive system?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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3
Q

What are the parts of the lower digestive tract?

A

Small intestines

Cecum

Large intestine or colon

Rectum

Anus

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4
Q

What does mechanical mean?

A

Chewing up food

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5
Q

What is the buccal or oral cavity?

A

Mouth- entry site for digestive tract

Chewing or Mastication

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6
Q

What is mastication?

A

Pulmonary breakdown of the food

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7
Q

What are the order of the teeth front to back?

A

Incisors

Canines

Bicuspids

Molars

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8
Q

What are the incisors?

A

Front teeth

Chisel shaped

Chop off a piece of food

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9
Q

What are the canines?

A

Next to incisors

Piercing teeth

Work with incisors

Greatly reduced

Fangs in other species

Used as weapons and way to distinguish male and female

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10
Q

What are the bicuspids and molars?

A

Flat teeth in back of mouth

Grind/ pulverize food

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11
Q

Where is saliva produced?

A

Salivary glands

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12
Q

What does saliva do to the food?

A

Lubricates and moistens the food

Makes food into a solid ball of material- bolus

Contains enzyme amylase

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13
Q

What is a bolus?

A

When saliva turns food into a solid ball of material

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14
Q

What is amylase?

A

Starch digesting enzyme

Begins chemical digestion of starch to glucose (sugar)

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15
Q

What is salivary amylase?

A

Same thing as amylase but called this because it is found in your saliva

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16
Q

Where does the tongue flick the bolus?

A

Pharynx

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17
Q

What is a pharynx?

A

Place in throat where the food and air passage ways cross

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18
Q

What does your trachea or windpipe have?

A

Rings of cartilage

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19
Q

Air goes down where…?

Food goes down where…?

A

Trachea

Esophagus

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20
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx and explain

A

1) Nasopharynx- back of nasal cavity
2) Oropharynx- behind mouth and where food and air passage cross
3) Laryngopharynx- outside your voice box (larynx)

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21
Q

What does deglutition mean?

A

Swallowing

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22
Q

When the bolus is flipped back with the tongue, what happens after?

A

Pressure of the food starts swallowing reflex

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23
Q

What does peristalsis mean and where is it seen first?

A

Waves of muscular contraction that propel food through digestive tract

Seen first in esophagus

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24
Q

What are the 2 basic layers of smooth muscle found in your esophagus?

A

1) circular (laid out)

2) longitudinal

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25
What is the circular smooth muscle?
When they contract they squeeze esophagus and food goes down
26
What is longitudinal smooth muscle?
Fibers running up and down following the esophagus Shortens the esophagus allowing good to go down faster
27
What does the circular and longitudinal muscles do together?
Push bolus into stomach
28
What does lumen mean?
Hollow interior
29
What are the functions of the stomach?
1) holding area for food you have eaten already 2) where chemical breakdown and some mechanical breakdown happens and food liquifies here (chyme) 3) where a good deal of protein digestion takes place
30
What does chyme mean?
Liquified food
31
What does emesis mean?
Vomit
32
What are the 3 parts of the stomach in order?
1) Cardiac region 2) Fundic region 3) Pyloric region
33
What kind of cells are in the cardiac and pyloric region?
Goblet cells
34
What kind of cells are in the fundic region?
Parietal cells and chief cells
35
What are proteolytic enzymes?
Enzymes that digest proteins
36
Where is pepsin found and what secrets it?
Found in stomach Secreted by chief cells but not directly
37
What are chief cells?
Secret Pepsinogen into stomach then converted into Pepsin
38
What do parietal cells secret?
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
39
What does Hydrochloric acid (HCl) do?
Denatures protein molecules by unraveling knot and pepsin chops them into amino acids
40
What is the optimal pH for pepsin and amylase?
Pepsin- 2 Amylase- 7
41
What are goblet cells?
Secret mucin (mucus) which is basic Coating lining of stomach with mucus
42
What is mucus used for?
Barrier so stomach won’t digest itself Incredibly tough
43
Where is the cardiac sphincter located?
Between esophagus and stomach
44
What is the cardiac sphincter?
Not a true sphincter and not completely effective
45
When stomach acid and enzymes go up to the end of the esophagus what can that cause?
Heartburn or acid reflux
46
What is a sphincter?
Circular and smooth Acts like a door
47
What does reflux do?
Eat away wall of esophagus
48
What is gastritis?
Inflammation of the stomach Either too much acid, mucus of stomach wall not effective, or not producing enough mucus
49
What is a gastric ulcer?
A hole digested in the wall of the stomach
50
What does gastro mean?
Stomach
51
What are some things that get absorbed in the stomach?
Water Milk Aspirin Alcohol (absorbed as soon as it hits your mouth)
52
What is the pyloric sphincter?
Between stomach and small intestine Distinct circular smooth muscle If it is closed nothing goes through it If opened things can go through Only something liquified or small particles can get through A true sphincter
53
What is the dyodenum?
Beginning part of small intestine Receives chyme from stomach Digestive accessory structure Pancreatic duct from pancreas
54
What is an accessory structure?
Organs that connect to digestive system and contribute to digestive process
55
What is pancreatic juice?
From pancreas goes into duodenum Contains: - bicarbonate - lipase - trypsin - pancreatic amylase
56
What does bicarbonate do?
Neutralizes acid
57
What does lipase do?
Breaks down fat Can only attack the surface of fat cells Not effective
58
What is trypsin?
Protein digester Releases amino acids Works in different pH
59
What is pancreatic amylase?
Released for breakdown of starch
60
What does the pancreas do?
Exocrine and endocrine Endocrine- secrets hormones directly into blood
61
What is another accessory structure?
Liver
62
What does the liver do?
Has bile ducts Makes bile Gall bladder stored bile
63
What are bile ducts?
Ducts connecting liver to duodenum
64
What is in bile?
Bile salts
65
What are bile salts?
Help lipase break down fats One side is hydrophilic and other side hydrophobic Hydrophobic part loves lipids and start breaking down big fat cell into smaller particles so lipase can break it down
66
What does emulsify mean?
Break down
67
What is the small intestine?
Primary place to absorb nutrients into your blood More surface area better for absorption Extremely long Complex folding Have villi
68
What are villi?
Finger like structures projecting out and increase surface area Have microuilli
69
Arteries become what and then what?
Arteries—-> Arterioles (smaller vessels)——> capillaries (microscopic) Found in small intestine
70
Veins become what?
Venules Found in small intestine
71
Monosaccharides especially glucose is brought where? (In small intestine)
Into the blood
72
Fatty acids cannot be carried into the blood because? (In small intestine)
Hydrophobic Carried in lymphatic system
73
Small things enter the blood through what...? Large things like fatty acids enter the blood through what...?
Capillaries Lymphatic system
74
What is the hepatic portal system?
Specialized system of veins
75
What does hepatic mean?
Liver
76
What are the standard order of veins?
Capillaries—-> venules——> veins——> heart
77
What is the portal system order of veins?
Capillaries—-> venules—-> veins—-> venules——> capillaries
78
What is a capillary bed?
System of veins that have capillaries on both sides Picks up something from one bed Let’s something go from other bed
79
What does the capillary in the intestines pick up? What does the capillary in the liver absorb?
Chyme Toxins
80
What does the liver store?
Store glycogen Glycogen- polysaccharide
81
What are the 2 kinds of contractions in the small intestine?
1) peristalsis | 2) segmentation
82
What is segmentation?
Simultaneous construction in small intestine at different places To keep chyme mixed up periodically to get fresh chyme against the wall for absorption
83
What does the pressure difference do?
Move material from small to large intestine
84
What is the cecum?
Vastigle structure Had vermiform appendix- the reduced tip of the cecum
85
What is appendicitis?
Appendix becomes inflamed and dumps fecal matter in abdominal cavity
86
What is the large intestine or colon?
Removes water out of chyme and end up with feces or fecal waste
87
What are the bile pigments?
Orange/ yellow in color Make feces a certain color
88
What is the rectum?
Tube of anus Last part of the tube Anal sphincter- outer is skeletal muscle Inner is smooth muscle
89
What is the anus?
Butthole
90
What does elimination mean?
Removal of digested material
91
What is the enteric nervous system?
Subdivision of autonomic nervous system Build into digestive system Capable of operating on its own Parasympathetic and sympathetic connections Brain of the gut Controls digestive system

BIO 301 Lec (27 decks)

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