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BIO 301 Lec > Week 13 (exam 4) > Flashcards

Week 13 (exam 4) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

Skin and whatever derives from it-

Hair

Nails

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2
Q

What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?

A

Hair, nails and various exocrine glands

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3
Q

What are the 2 basic layers of the skin?

A

1) epidermis

2) dermis

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4
Q

What are cornified cells?

A

Lost all moisture

On top of epithelium

Dead layer

Has keratin

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5
Q

What is keratin?

A

Protein in these cells

Makes up hair and fingernails

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6
Q

Where and what is the hypodermis?

A

Under dermis

CT

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7
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection- sturdy cover

Excretion- salt, water and organic waste removal

Temp maintenance- insulation and evaporation

Synthesis vitamins- D3 and important to calcium metabolism

Touch detection- various senses

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8
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Seals water in

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10
Q

What are the cells of the epidermis called?

A

Keratinocytes

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11
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer or hypodermis or superficial fascia and what cells is it made of?

A

Innermost layer of the skin

Areolar and adipose tissue

Not part of integument

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12
Q

What are the 2 complex interfaces of the skin?

A

Dermal papillae

Epidermal ridges

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13
Q

What is dermal papillae?

A

Squiggly lines project upwards

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14
Q

What is epidermal ridges?

A

Squiggly lines project downwards to interlock with them

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15
Q

What are the 6 layers of the epidermis?

A

1) stratum Corneum
2) stratum lucidum
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum spinosum
5) stratum germinativum
6) basal lamina (basement membrane)

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16
Q

What is the deepest layer of the epithelium?

A

Stratum germinativum or stratum basale

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17
Q

What are cells of the stratum germinativum or stratum basale attached by and to what?

A

Hemideamosomes

Basal lamina

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18
Q

Why is basal lamina’s surface area increased?

A

Because it is folded

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19
Q

Why are the folds of the basal lamina good?

A

Because it increases the strength of attachment between the epidermis and underlying dermis

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20
Q

The pattern of epidermal ridges is reflected where?

A

An outer surface of skin

Ex: fingerprints

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21
Q

The stratum germinativum is dominated by what cells?

A

Basal cells or germinative cells

Merkel cells

Melanocytes

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22
Q

What are basal or germjnative cells?

A

Stem cells whose division replace cells above them as they are worn away

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23
Q

What are merkel cells?

A

Only in skin areas with no hair

Sensitive to touch

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24
Q

The daughter cells produced by the basal cells are pushed upwards into what layer?

A

Stratum spinosum

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25
Q

Stratum spinosum consists have several or few layers?

A

Several

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26
Q

What do stratum spinosum fella look like and why?

A

Cells looks like miniature pin cushions

Because the cytoplasm of these cells shrunk while the cytoskeletal elements remain intact

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27
Q

How are the stratum spinosum connected to one another?

A

Desmosomes

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28
Q

What causes the thickness of the cells?

A

The continue division of the cells

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29
Q

What layer is above the stratum spinosum?

A

Stratum granulosum- “grainy layer”

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30
Q

What happens in the stratum granulosum?

A

Cells engage in a process that will result in their destruction

Will produce non living protective layer of dead cells that lie above

Cells grow thinner and flatter- membrane thickens and become less permeable)

Nuclei and other organelle disintegrate and cells die

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31
Q

What does the stratum granulosum cells produce?

A

Keratin

Keratohyalin

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32
Q

What is keratin?

A

A tough fibrous protein

Basic structural component of hair and nails

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33
Q

What is keratohyalin?

A

Forms dense granules in cytoplasm that promotes dehydration of the cell and cross linking keratin fibers

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34
Q

What is the dead layer called?

A

Stratum corneum

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35
Q

What happens in the stratum corneum layer?

A

Cells are keratinized or cornified

Cells remain tightly connected by desmosomes

Why skin sheds in sheets

Water resistant but not water proof

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36
Q

What is sensible perspiration?

A

Different from sweating which is carried out by specialized sweat glands

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37
Q

What tissues is the dermis layer made of?

A

Areolar tissue and reticular tissue

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38
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis and explain

A

1) papillary layer- areolar tissue
Layer of skin affected by dermatitis (poison ivy)

2) reticular layer- mesh work of dense irregular tissue

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39
Q

What is skin color a result of?

A

Epidermal pigmentation

Dermal circulation

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40
Q

What are the 2 pigments?

A

1) carotene

2) melanin

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41
Q

What is carotene?

A

Orange yellow (same stuff as as carrots and squash)

Accumulated in epidermal cells and in fatty tissues of dermis

42
Q

What is melanin?

A

Yellow brown to black

Manufactured by melanocytes in stratum germinativum

43
Q

What is the difference of melanocytes in light and dark skin?

A

Light skin-
melanosomes relatively small and so bit spread further then stratum spinosum

Dark skin-
Larger and can go as high as stratum granulosum

Same number of melanocytes just different because of how active they are

44
Q

What is dermal circulation?

A

Determines skin color

Blood vessels located in the Demis but not epidermis

Gives skin a reddish tint most seen in light skin people

Shock can reduce blood flow and light skin person turns white

Cyanosis

Most apparent where skin is thin (lips/ beneath nails)

45
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

If oxygen depleted blood turns a dark red

Seen from the surface, skin takes a blackish color

46
Q

Why does skin resist stretching and is quite elastic?

A

Collagen in dermis

Elastin in dermis

47
Q

What happens when there’s a reduction amount of elastin?

A

Wrinkles and saggy skin

48
Q

What is caused if skin is overstretches to exceed elastic capabilities and damage to dermis prevents it from recoiling to original size?

A

Stretch marks

49
Q

Do collagen and elastin fibers run in the same direction/ parallel bundles?

A

Yes because this way it resists the forced the skin normally encounters

50
Q

What is the lines of cleavage?

A

Resulting pattern of fiber bundles create

An incisions parallel to the lines of cleavage will close naturally

An incision cutting across line of cleavage will pull open as cut elastic fibers recoil

51
Q

Is there a blood supply in epidermis?

A

No

52
Q

What happens when you’re exposed to UV?

A

The epidermal cells in stratum germinativum ans stratum spinosum produce vitamin D3

53
Q

What is vitamin D3 needed for?

A

To synthesize calcitriol which is essential for absorption of calcium but the small intestine

54
Q

What can happen to Children who have overcast skin and lack of vitamin D3?

A

Abnormal bone development

Rickets- softening of the bones

Leads to osteomalacia in adults

55
Q

What is vitamin D3 added to?

A

Milk as vitamin D

56
Q

What absorbs UV? Why does this affect different people?

A

Melanin

Europe people cover up more and need few parts shown to make D3

Tropics lot of skin exposed good on D3 but skin cancer

Disadvantage of having dark skin

57
Q

Why do some tumors affect pituitary?

A

Result in over secretion of Melanocytes stimulation hormone (MSH)

58
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Also affect pituitary- thistime

Large quality of Adrenocorticotropic hormone is secreted

59
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

Melanocytes die off producing a very light skin color

60
Q

Where does skin cancer arise?

A

Epidermis

61
Q

What layer does basal cell carcinoma occur?

A

In stratum germinativum

Most common skin cancer

62
Q

What layer does squamous cell carcinoma occur?

A

Higher layers

63
Q

What is malignant melanoma?

A

Melanocytes have become cancerous

Very dangerous- metastasizes

Critical to catch early on

The mnemonic ABCD helps to remark key identification points

64
Q

What is the mnemonic ABCD stand for?

A

A) asymmetry- irregular size, if one side does not mirror the other

B) border- is irregular and may be scalloped, jogged, notched or blurred

C) color- more then one color and mottled appearance

D) diameter- larger than a pencils eraser diameter

65
Q

What is the function of melonin to protect skin from UV in keratinocytes?

A

Melanosomes concentrate around the nucleus to protect DNA (absorbs the radiation

66
Q

What is the function of melonin to protect skin from UV in cells of epidermis?

A

Helps protect the dermis (CT)

UV damages fibroblasts causes wrinkling in people exposed to too much sunlight

67
Q

When tanning melanocytes produce more or less melanin in response to increased sunlight exposure taking several days?

A

Additional melanin

68
Q

Merkel cells are found in what layer?

A

Stratum germunativum

69
Q

Meissners corpuscle or tactile corpuscle is found in what layer of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer

70
Q

Pacinien corpuscle or lamellated corpuscle is found in what layer do the dermis?

A

Vibrations in Reticular layer

71
Q

The accessory structures (hair, nails, various glands) of the integumentary strain originate in the epidermis but are known as what?

A

Epidermal Denvatives

They project down into dermis

72
Q

Non living structures of hair is produced in what?

A

Hair follicles

73
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

Dead keratinized cells

74
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Cells with hard keratin (gives hair stiffness)

75
Q

What is medulla?

A

contains cells with soft keratin

76
Q

What is the hair shaft?

A

Part of hair follicle halfway in and sticking out of the epidermis

77
Q

What is the hair root?

A

Inside the skin

Extended for bulb

78
Q

What is the hair bulb?

A

Place where internal organization of hair is complete about halfway to skin surface

79
Q

What is hair papilla?

A

Peg of CT with capillaries and nerves

80
Q

What is the early embyonic or Lanugo type of hair?

A

Extremely fine and unpigemented

Most shed before birth

81
Q

What is bellies or terminal hairs?

A

Replace early embyonic or lanugo hair

“Peach fuzz”

Heavy and more deeply pigmented

May be curly

82
Q

Why hair follicles switch hairs produced?

A

Hormones

Armpits, pubic area and liabi produce vellus hairs with puberty

Sex hormones cause then to produce to terminal hairs

83
Q

What causes hair color?

A

Results from melanin produced by melanocytes at the hair papilla

Different forms of melanin which give dark brown, yellow brown or red coloration

Pigment produced decrease with age

White hairs result from lack of pigment and air bubbles in medulla

84
Q

What is the function of hair on your head, nostrils and ears, and eyelashes?

A

Protects scalp and insulates it

Act as fillers to help prevent entry of foreign particles

85
Q

What is the root hair plexus of sensory nerves?

A

Surround base of each hair follicle

Can feel movement of the shift of every single hair

86
Q

What is arrector pili?

A

Smooth muscle fibers

Extend from the papillary layer of dermis to a sheath of CT that surrounds the hair

87
Q

How do you get goosebumps?

A

Construction of muscles cause hairs to stand erect

Can react to emotional states or cold

88
Q

Hair production is a specialized version of the what seen in the epidermis?

A

Keratinization

89
Q

What cells does the hair matrix have?

A

Contains basal cells like stratum germinativum

Divide to produce daughter cells that gradually get pushed toward surface

90
Q

What is the hair growth cycle?

A

At the end of the cycle (2-5 for scalp hairs) follicle becomes inactive and becomes a club hair

Connection between matrix and hair itself breaks down

Another cycle begins and a new hair starts to grow

Old hair is pushed out and shed

91
Q

What are the 2 glands in skin?

A

1) Sebaceous glands or oil glands

2) sweat glands or sudoriferous

92
Q

What are sebaceous glands or oil glands?

A

Sebum- Oily lipid that coats hair shaft and epidermis

Holocene glands

Cells self destruct

Simple branched alveolar structure

Inhibits bacterial growth and conditions keratinized cells at surface and those forms hair shaft

Get dry and brittle when exposed to the environment

93
Q

What is the apocrine sweat gland?

A

Use merocrine

Found in armpits, around nipples and groin

Begin to function at puberty

Secret products into hair follicles

Secretion is sticky and may be odorous
- Bactria consumes the secretion and their activity can intensify odor

94
Q

What is the merocrine or eccrine type of sweat gland?

A

Far more numerous

Sweat produced equals sensible perspiration

Discharged directly to the surface

Cools skins surface thru evaporation (primary function)

Excretes water and electrolytes

Protection

  • flushes skin
  • low pH impedes bacterial growth
  • contains dermicidin (antibiotic)
  • lysozyme
95
Q

What is the mammary gland?

A

Related to apocrine sweat glands

96
Q

What is a ceruminous gland?

A

Modified sweat glands in ear canal

Secretions combined with those of sebaceous glands to produce ear wax (cerumen)

Helps traps foreign objects and keeps them away from ear drum

97
Q

What underlying the nail gives nail pink color?

A

Blood vessels

98
Q

What leaves the pale crescent of the nail?

A

Lunula

99
Q

What is insensible perspiration?

A

Water loving tissue beneath blank the surface and evaporate away

We can lose a pint a day this way

BIO 301 Lec (27 decks)

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