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BIO 301 Lec > Week 10 (exam 3) > Flashcards

Week 10 (exam 3) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happens between the axon terminal branch and dendrites?

A
  • Ca voltage ion channels open up
  • neurotransmitters diffuses in synaptic cleft
  • act as ligand summer that attach to receptor proteins and opens chemically regulates ion channels
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2
Q

What 2 cells can postsynaptic cells become?

A

1) excitation- another action potential can occur

2) inhibition- less likely action potential will occur

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3
Q

Whaat happens when postsynaptic cells become excited?

A

Chemically regulated sodium channels

Enters cell

Begins to depolarize

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4
Q

What happens when the postsynaptic cells become inhibited?

A

Chemically regulates potassium channels

Leave the cell

Lots of positive charges makes postsynaptic cell hyperpolarizes

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5
Q

What does the postsynaptic cell depend on if it’s excited or inhibited?

A

The Receptor proteins present

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6
Q

What is an axon hillock?

A

Thickened portion of axon

The trigger zone the first place we encounter voltage gated ion channels

Only place can trigger another action potential after action potential

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7
Q

What does mylin do for the process of nerve transmission?

A

Sets off the skipping down axon- saltatory propagation

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8
Q

What is the charge called when the cell is excited?

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

Sodium channels open

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9
Q

What is the charge called when the cells are inhibited?

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

Potassium channels opening

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10
Q

Where does the axon hillock have to reach to get an action potential?

A

Threshold

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11
Q

What is the excitation and inhibition combination (adding them up together) equal?

A

Summation

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12
Q

What are the 2 kinds of summations?

A

1) Temporal Summation

2) Spatial Summation

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13
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Summation that occurs over time

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14
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Connection of the cells with many other cells

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15
Q

What depends on nerve signals being stronger or weaker?

A

How many neurotransmitters are released as in how many action potentials there are

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16
Q

What are the 5 different neurotransmitters?

A

1) Acetylcholine (ACh)
2) epinephrine/ norepinephrine (adrenaline/ noradrenaline)
3) Serotonin (brain)
4) dopamine (brain)
5) Gama-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) (brain)

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17
Q

Where is Acetylcholine (ACh) found?

A

In neuromuscular junction (nerves connect to muscle)

Autonomic nervous system

In brain

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18
Q

Where is epinephrin/ norepinephrine or adrenaline/ noradrenaline found?

A

In sympathetic nervous system

In brain

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19
Q

When transmissions are sent to the next cell is the connection immediately cut off?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What are the 2 ways communication is cut in synapses?

A

1) Cholinergic synapses

2) Adrenergic synapses

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21
Q

What is cholinergic?

A

ACh is the neurotransmitter

Goes across cleft sends signals

Enzyme destroys signals so it waking keep sending

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22
Q

What is the enzyme used to destroy signals in cholinergic?

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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23
Q

What is adrenergic?

A

After neurotransmitter is sent it is sent back in axon bulbs

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24
Q

What are the different glial cells or neuroglia?

A

Schwann cells or neurolemmocyte (PNS)

Satellite cells (PNS)

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Astrocytes (CNS)

Microglia (CNS)

Ependymal cells (CNS)

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25
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Provide myelin sheathing in PNS

cell that had cytoplasm squished out

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26
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Found in ganglia (thickening of the nerve because of lots of nerve cell bodies)

Physically supporting cell bodies (keeping them in place)

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27
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

CNS of Schwann cells in PNS

Provide myelin sheathing in CNS

can provide myelin coating in several nearby axons

Provide white matter

28
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Cells that have a star shape

Has a foot process that wraps microscopic blood vessels (capillaries)

29
Q

What is a foot process?

A

Releases chemicals and form capillaries to form tight junctions between themselves

30
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

No leaks

Nothing can get through

Zipped together

Forms barrier between brain and brain tissue (blood brain barrier)

31
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Barrier between brain and brain tissue

32
Q

What is the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Liquid that brings nutrients and O2 to cells and takes away waste

ventricles and meninges

33
Q

What is microglia cells?

A

Clean up crew

Mobile cells that go through brain and spinal cord eating dead material and invaders

34
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Cells that line central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain

Choroid plexus

In spinal cord microscope slide

35
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Brain and spinal cord

Part of nervous system protected by pony covering

36
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Everything else

Part that extends out of bony protection

Can be divided into sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

37
Q

What are the 2 categories sensory and motor can be divided into?

A

1) somatic- skin and musculature

2) visceral- internal organs

38
Q

What is somatic sensory?

A

Info from receptors in the skin

39
Q

What is visceral sensory?

A

Coming from internal organs

May or may not be aware of it

40
Q

What is somatic motor?

A

Nerves connected to muscles

Conscious movement

Single neuron running from spinal cord to muscle

41
Q

What is the visceral motor or autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

Motor commands going to various organs in your body

Divided into 2 categories

1) sympathetic- fight or flight
2) parasympathetic- rest of digest and sexual arousal

42
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

CT

Bottom of where spinal nerves end (after L1 or L2) to sacrum

43
Q

What is the spinal nerves and filum terminale together?

A

Cauda Equina

44
Q

What are the 3 ramus coming out of the spinal nerve?

A

Dorsal ramus

Ventral Ramus

Visceral ramus

45
Q

For afferent signals where do the signals come from, from the dorsal, central and visceral ramus?

A

Dorsal- receiving somatic sensory info

Ventral- everything else (arms/ legs)

Visceral- all internal organs

46
Q

For efferent signals where do the signals come from, from the dorsal and ventral ramus?

A

Dorsal- barrow strip on back

Ventral- Limbs and body walls

47
Q

For visceral motor (autonomic) what does it look like?

A

Axon to ganglion (in the middle) to internal organ

Preganglionic neuron before ganglion and postganglionic neuron after ganglion

48
Q

For parasympathetic nerves where is the ganglion?

A

Next to or in the organs

49
Q

For sympathetic nerves where is the ganglion?

A

Further from organ near cerebral column

50
Q

What is the collective nerves?

A

Where the nerves link together

51
Q

What is the famous complex collective nerve?

A

Plexus

52
Q

What is brachial plexus?

A

Motor output going to arms

53
Q

What is the sympathetic division of ANS?

A

Location-Thoracolumnar

Nerve with ganglion then nerve again

54
Q

What is the parasympathetic division of ANS?

A

Location-Claniosacral

3) Oculomotor
7) Facial
9) glossopharyngeal
10) vagus

55
Q

Where is the sympathetic nerve located?

A

Thoracolumnar

56
Q

Where is the sympathetic nerve physiological response?

A

Fight and flight

57
Q

Where is the ganglion of the sympathetic nerve located?

A

Near spinal cord

58
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of root ganglion neuron in sympathetic nerve?

A

Epinephrine/ norepinephrine

Adrenaline/ noradrenaline

59
Q

What is the location of the parasympathetic nerve?

A

Craniosacral

60
Q

What is the physiological response of the parasympathetic nerve?

A

Rest and digest

Sexual arousal

61
Q

Where is the ganglion located in the parasympathetic nerve?

A

Near organ

62
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of root ganglion neuron of the parasympathetic nerve?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

63
Q

What is dorsal or posterior funiculus/ dorsal or posterior column?

A

Info going up in white matter

64
Q

What is lateral funiculus or lateral column?

A

Info going both up and down in white matter

65
Q

What is ventral or anterior funiculus/ ventral or anterior column?

A

Info going down in white matter

66
Q

What do nissil bodies have?

A

Roughendoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes

BIO 301 Lec (27 decks)

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