Week 10 (exam 3) Flashcards by MsBarb99 .

What happens between the axon terminal branch and dendrites?

Ca voltage ion channels open up
neurotransmitters diffuses in synaptic cleft
act as ligand summer that attach to receptor proteins and opens chemically regulates ion channels

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What 2 cells can postsynaptic cells become?

1) excitation- another action potential can occur

2) inhibition- less likely action potential will occur

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Whaat happens when postsynaptic cells become excited?

Chemically regulated sodium channels

Enters cell

Begins to depolarize

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What happens when the postsynaptic cells become inhibited?

Chemically regulates potassium channels

Leave the cell

Lots of positive charges makes postsynaptic cell hyperpolarizes

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What does the postsynaptic cell depend on if it’s excited or inhibited?

The Receptor proteins present

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What is an axon hillock?

Thickened portion of axon

The trigger zone the first place we encounter voltage gated ion channels

Only place can trigger another action potential after action potential

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What does mylin do for the process of nerve transmission?

Sets off the skipping down axon- saltatory propagation

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What is the charge called when the cell is excited?

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

Sodium channels open

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What is the charge called when the cells are inhibited?

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

Potassium channels opening

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Where does the axon hillock have to reach to get an action potential?

Threshold

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What is the excitation and inhibition combination (adding them up together) equal?

Summation

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What are the 2 kinds of summations?

1) Temporal Summation

2) Spatial Summation

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What is temporal summation?

Summation that occurs over time

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What is spatial summation?

Connection of the cells with many other cells

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What depends on nerve signals being stronger or weaker?

How many neurotransmitters are released as in how many action potentials there are

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What are the 5 different neurotransmitters?

1) Acetylcholine (ACh)
2) epinephrine/ norepinephrine (adrenaline/ noradrenaline)
3) Serotonin (brain)
4) dopamine (brain)
5) Gama-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) (brain)

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Where is Acetylcholine (ACh) found?

In neuromuscular junction (nerves connect to muscle)

Autonomic nervous system

In brain

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Where is epinephrin/ norepinephrine or adrenaline/ noradrenaline found?

In sympathetic nervous system

In brain

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When transmissions are sent to the next cell is the connection immediately cut off?

Yes

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What are the 2 ways communication is cut in synapses?

1) Cholinergic synapses

2) Adrenergic synapses

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What is cholinergic?

ACh is the neurotransmitter

Goes across cleft sends signals

Enzyme destroys signals so it waking keep sending

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What is the enzyme used to destroy signals in cholinergic?

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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What is adrenergic?

After neurotransmitter is sent it is sent back in axon bulbs

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What are the different glial cells or neuroglia?

Schwann cells or neurolemmocyte (PNS)

Satellite cells (PNS)

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Astrocytes (CNS)

Microglia (CNS)

Ependymal cells (CNS)

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What are schwann cells?

Provide myelin sheathing in PNS cell that had cytoplasm squished out

What are satellite cells?

Found in ganglia (thickening of the nerve because of lots of nerve cell bodies) Physically supporting cell bodies (keeping them in place)

What are oligodendrocytes?

CNS of Schwann cells in PNS Provide myelin sheathing in CNS can provide myelin coating in several nearby axons Provide white matter

What are astrocytes?

Cells that have a star shape Has a foot process that wraps microscopic blood vessels (capillaries)

What is a foot process?

Releases chemicals and form capillaries to form tight junctions between themselves

What is a tight junction?

No leaks Nothing can get through Zipped together Forms barrier between brain and brain tissue (blood brain barrier)

What is the blood brain barrier?

Barrier between brain and brain tissue

What is the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)?

Liquid that brings nutrients and O2 to cells and takes away waste ventricles and meninges

What is microglia cells?

Clean up crew Mobile cells that go through brain and spinal cord eating dead material and invaders

What are ependymal cells?

Cells that line central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain Choroid plexus In spinal cord microscope slide

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

Brain and spinal cord Part of nervous system protected by pony covering

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Everything else Part that extends out of bony protection Can be divided into sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

What are the 2 categories sensory and motor can be divided into?

1) somatic- skin and musculature | 2) visceral- internal organs

What is somatic sensory?

Info from receptors in the skin

What is visceral sensory?

Coming from internal organs May or may not be aware of it

What is somatic motor?

Nerves connected to muscles Conscious movement Single neuron running from spinal cord to muscle

What is the visceral motor or autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Motor commands going to various organs in your body Divided into 2 categories 1) sympathetic- fight or flight 2) parasympathetic- rest of digest and sexual arousal

What is the filum terminale?

CT Bottom of where spinal nerves end (after L1 or L2) to sacrum

What is the spinal nerves and filum terminale together?

Cauda Equina

What are the 3 ramus coming out of the spinal nerve?

Dorsal ramus Ventral Ramus Visceral ramus

For afferent signals where do the signals come from, from the dorsal, central and visceral ramus?

Dorsal- receiving somatic sensory info Ventral- everything else (arms/ legs) Visceral- all internal organs

For efferent signals where do the signals come from, from the dorsal and ventral ramus?

Dorsal- barrow strip on back Ventral- Limbs and body walls

For visceral motor (autonomic) what does it look like?

Axon to ganglion (in the middle) to internal organ Preganglionic neuron before ganglion and postganglionic neuron after ganglion

For parasympathetic nerves where is the ganglion?

Next to or in the organs

For sympathetic nerves where is the ganglion?

Further from organ near cerebral column

What is the collective nerves?

Where the nerves link together

What is the famous complex collective nerve?

Plexus

What is brachial plexus?

Motor output going to arms

What is the sympathetic division of ANS?

Location-Thoracolumnar Nerve with ganglion then nerve again

What is the parasympathetic division of ANS?

Location-Claniosacral 3) Oculomotor 7) Facial 9) glossopharyngeal 10) vagus

Where is the sympathetic nerve located?

Thoracolumnar

Where is the sympathetic nerve physiological response?

Fight and flight

Where is the ganglion of the sympathetic nerve located?

Near spinal cord

What is the neurotransmitter of root ganglion neuron in sympathetic nerve?

Epinephrine/ norepinephrine Adrenaline/ noradrenaline

What is the location of the parasympathetic nerve?

Craniosacral

What is the physiological response of the parasympathetic nerve?

Rest and digest Sexual arousal

Where is the ganglion located in the parasympathetic nerve?

Near organ

What is the neurotransmitter of root ganglion neuron of the parasympathetic nerve?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

What is dorsal or posterior funiculus/ dorsal or posterior column?

Info going up in white matter

What is lateral funiculus or lateral column?

Info going both up and down in white matter

What is ventral or anterior funiculus/ ventral or anterior column?

Info going down in white matter

What do nissil bodies have?

Roughendoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes