Week 5 - Lesson 2 (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Stenosis

A

The narrowing of the arterial lumen, causing a hemodynamically significant change in flow

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2
Q

What can a significant stenosis cause?

A

Collateralization

- if its progressive

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3
Q

Total occlusion

A

The complete blocking of flow within an arterial lumen

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4
Q

When does collateralization occur?

A

If occlusion is not a sudden occurrence as with an emboli lodging in a small lumen

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5
Q

Where does plaque commonly form?

A

At the common carotid bifurcation

- involves distal CCA, Prox ECA/bulb, Prox ICA

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6
Q

How can plaque be characterized? (5)

A
  1. Homogenous
  2. Soft
  3. Heterogenous
  4. Ulcerated
  5. Calcified
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7
Q

What needs to be evaluated with plaque? (6)

A
  1. Extent
  2. Location
  3. Surface contour
  4. Texture
  5. Assess degree of luminal stenosis
  6. Evaluate in both transverse and sagittal projections
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8
Q

What is the best way to evaluate and characterize plaque?

A

Gray scale US

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9
Q

What is considered abnormal intima thickness?

A

> 0.9mm

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10
Q

Homogenous plaque

A

Generally uniform echo pattern and smooth surface

- 80-85% of patients

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11
Q

What does calcified plaque produce?

A

Posterior acoustic shadowing

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12
Q

How does calcified plaque appear on US?

A

Very echogenic

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13
Q

Does calcified plaque occur in symptomatic or asymptomatic patients?

A

Asymptomatic

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14
Q

Heterogenous plaque (2)

A
  1. Complex echo pattern
    - contains one or more sonolucent areas
  2. Cauliflower calcification appearance
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15
Q

Ulcerated plaque (4)

A
  1. Focal depression or break in plaque surface
  2. Irregular border contour
  3. Emboli twinkle artifact
  4. Hard plaque in the proximal ICA
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16
Q

Fibromuscular Dysplasia

A

Abnormal growth of cells in vessel walls and causes areas of narrowing

17
Q

Where does fibromuscular dysplasia occur?

A

In the distal portion of the ICA

18
Q

Carotid pseudoaneurysm

A

Collection of blood that results from injuries

19
Q

Where does carotid pseudoaneurysm occur?

A

Between the medial and extra layer of the tissue layers

20
Q

Carotid/vertebral artery dissection

A

Intimal flap in the lumen of the vessel

21
Q

Where does carotid/vertebral artery dissection occur?

A

Usually in the carotid artery

22
Q

Takayasus

A

Inflammation of the vessel walls

- thick walls

23
Q

Where is takayasus seen?

A

Chemo or addictions

24
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon

A

Condition where the blood flow reduces to the fingers and toes

25
Q

What are 2 symptoms of Raynaud’s phenomenon?

A
  1. Discolouration

2. Painful

26
Q

Where is carotid body tumour found?

A

At bifurcations

27
Q

What is another term for carotid body tumour?

A

Paragangliomas

28
Q

What does carotid body tumour cause?

A

Widening

29
Q

Are carotid body tumour highly vascular?

A

Yes

30
Q

Are carotid body tumour usually benign or malignant?

A

Benign

- 5-10% are malignant

31
Q

Thoracic outlet syndrome

A

Compression of nerves, artery or veins that usually happen from the clavicle and the 1st rib

32
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Surgical treatment for stenosis

  • US pre and post this surgery
  • incision in the artery and remove the intema or media layer
33
Q

Carotid stenting

A

Go through the artery with a balloon and try to open it up and widen it

  • treatment for narrowing
  • artificial tube (stent)