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MSK > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what do extrinsic back muscles do

A

control limb and respiratory movements

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1
Q

name the two major groups of muscles in the back

A

the extrinsic and intrinsic

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2
Q

what do the intrinsic (deep) muscles do

A

act on the vertebral column, producing its movements and maintaining posture

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3
Q

both serratus muscles are innervated by _________ nerves running within the ribcage

A
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4
Q

intrinsic back muscles are innervated by

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

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5
Q

intrinsic back muscles act to

A

maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column

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6
Q

The _______ muscles cover and hold the deep neck muscles in position.

A

splenius

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7
Q

what is the common origin of the three erector spinae

A

a broad tendon that attaches inferiorly to the posterior part of the lilac crest, the posterior aspect of the sacrum, the sacro-iliac ligaments, and the sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes.

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8
Q

the primary action of semispinalis

A

extension of the head, cervical spine and thoracic spine

contralateral rotation

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9
Q

where is the multifidus thickest?

A

in the lumbar region

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10
Q

what is the action of the multifidus?

A

stabilization of the vertebral column

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11
Q

where is the rotatores best developed?

A

in the thoracic region

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12
Q

what is the primary action of the rotatores?

A

stabilization of the vertebral column; proprioception of the vertebral column and may assist in small oratory movements in the thoracic spine

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13
Q

segmental muscles of the back are relatively sparse in which region?

A

the thoracic region

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14
Q

suboccipital muscles are innervated by

A

the posterior ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve

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15
Q

innervation of Sternocleidomastoid (SCM).

A

cranial nerve 11 - spinal accessory nerve

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16
Q

innervation of platysma

A

cranial nerve 7 - facial nerve

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17
Q

what are the three main foramina in the diaphragm?

A

Aortic hiatus or opening (TXII level), esophageal hiatus or opening (TX Level) and caval opening (TVIII level)

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18
Q

what is the nerve supply of the diaphragm?

A

R. & L. phrenic nerves (C3,4,5)

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19
Q

action of the diaphragm

A

depress dome (moves inferiorly) therefore increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
- volume increases and pressure decreases, therefore it is the major muscle of inspiration

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20
Q

diaphragm attachments

A

xiphoid process, costal margin, end of ribs 11 and 12, lumbar vertebra (LI - LIII).
- Muscle fibers converge from the peripheral attachments of the muscle to join to the central tendon.

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21
Q

which muscles make up the superficial layer of extrinsic back muscles

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, and rhomboids

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22
Q

How are the extrinsic back muscles innervated?

A

their nerve supply from the anterior rami of cervical nerves and act on the upper limb.

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23
Q

how is the trapezius intervated?

A

motor fibers from a cranial nerve, the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI). (11)

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24
Q

what does serratus mean

A

fan-shaped muscle attachment (multi-attachment)
- creates a saw-tooth appearance, resembles the serrated edge of a knife

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25
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior

A

elevates ribs 2-5
- allows lungs to inflate
lies deep into the rhomboid muscle
- has a proprioceptive function (spatial awareness)

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26
Q
  • innervated by intercostal nerves running within the ribcage
A

Serratus Posterior Superior and Inferior

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27
Q

Serratus Posterior Inferior

A

depresses ribs 10-12
lies deep to the latissimus dorsi
- has a proprioceptive function (spatial awareness)

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28
Q

Intermediate extrinsic back muscles

A

serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior

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29
Q

Describe the Intermediate extrinsic back muscles

A
  • thin, weak, muscles commonly designated as superficial respiratory muscles
  • move the upper limbs and ribcage
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30
Q

what are the three groupings of intrinsic back muscles

A
  1. superficial (spinotransverse)
  2. intermediate (sacropinalis)
  3. deep (transversospinalis group)
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31
Q

what muscles make up the spinotransverse group of intrinsic back muscles?

A
  1. splenius capitis
  2. splenius cervicics
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32
Q

what muscles make up the sacrospinalis group of intrinsic back muscles?

A
  • erector spinae (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis)
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33
Q

what muscles make up the transversospinalis group of intrinsic back muscles?

A
  • semispinalis
  • multifidus
  • rotatores
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34
Q

large, roughly diamond-shaped area of connective tissue constituted by the thoracic and lumbar parts of the deep fascia enclosing the intrinsic back muscles

A

thoracolumbar fascia

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35
Q

splenius capitis position and action

A

starts on SP to head
- extend head and neck, ipsilateral rotation

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36
Q

Describe splenius capitis and Splenius Cervicis

A

are thick and flat and lie on the lateral and posterior aspects of the neck, covering the vertical muscles somewhat like a bandage

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37
Q

Splenius Cervicis position and action

A

start on SP to TVP of the cervical spine
- extend head and neck

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38
Q

what movements do splenius capitis and splenius cervicis permit

A

extension, lateral flexion and ipsilateral (same side) rotation

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39
Q

Iliocostalis is part of which group

A

part of the sacrospinalis group

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40
Q

Iliocostalis description

A

Fibers run superiorly and slightly laterally attaching to angles of ribs and cervical TVP’s
forms the lateral column

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41
Q

Longissimus part of which group

A

part of the sacrospinalis group

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42
Q

Longissimus description

A

froms the intermediate column T
Fibers run superiorly attaching to TVP’s in thoracic and cervical regions and the mastoid process of the occiput

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43
Q

Spinalis group and description

A

part of the sacrospinalis group
forms the medial column
Fibers run superiorly within the laminar groove attaching to SP’s in thoracic and cervical regions

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44
Q

what movement do the sacrospinalis group do?

A

flexion, extension, left and right bending (lateral flexion)
- don’t need to be worked out - they are ALWAYS working

45
Q

Semispinalis parts

A

divided into three parts according to the superior attachments:
Semispinalis capitis
Semispinalis cervicis
Semispinalis thoarcis

46
Q

Semispinalis action

A

primary actions
bilateral: an extension of the head, cervical spine and thoracic spine
unilateral: contralateral (helps on the opposite ride) rotation

47
Q

Multifidus and primary action

A

part of the transversospinalis group (deepest part of intrinsic back muscles)
thickest in the lumbar region
primary action: stabilization of vertebral column (mainly in lumbar region)

48
Q

Rotatores grouping

A

part of transversospinalis group (deepest part of intrinsic back muscles)
best developed in the thoracic region

49
Q

Rotatores primary action

A
  • important for providing proprioception from the posterior ribcage to the brain
    primary action: stabilization of vertebral column, which may assist in small rotatory movements in the thoracic spine
50
Q

what is the general attachment for semispinalis group?

A

TVP - SP

51
Q

what is the segmental muscle of the back?

A

the interspinales (SP-SP) and intertransversarii muscle (TVP-TVP)
- they connect spinous and transverse processes

52
Q

interspinales action

A

bilateral action: aid in extension
unilateral action: segmental rotation

53
Q

Intertransversarii action

A

stabilization and lateral flexion

54
Q

Levatores Costarum attachment and action

A

from rib to TVP
- assist with respiration (inhalation) in elevation of ribs; lateral flexion of column

55
Q

Suboccipital Region Muscles

A

made up of four muscles
- two rectus capitis posterior (major and minor) and
- two obliquus

56
Q

primary action of suboccipital region

A

extension of atlanto-occipital joint
rotation of atlanto-axial joint

57
Q

what muscles are in the superficial group of the anterior neck

A
  1. platysma
  2. sternocleidomastoid
58
Q

platysma origin and insertion

A

ori: fascia over deltoid and pectoralis major muscle
Ins: mandible and skin of the lower face

59
Q

platysma function

A
  1. depresses and draws lower lip inferiorly
  2. depresses mandible @ TMJ
60
Q

platysma function inverted by

A

nerve 7

61
Q

Sternocleidomastoid origin and insertion

A

origin: sternum and medial 1/3 clavicle
insertion: the mastoid process of the temporal bone
- lateral 1/2 of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

62
Q

Sternocleidomastoid unilateral contraction

A

unilateral contraction: lateral flexion of the head and neck

contralateral rotation of the head and neck

63
Q

Sternocleidomastoid bilateral contraction

A

bilateral contraction: Ext. of head & and upper neck

Flex. of the lower neck

Elevation of sternum and clavicle (during forced inhalation)

64
Q

Sternocleidomastoid innveration

A

N: Cranial never. 11 (Spinal accessory nerve)

65
Q

the deep group of muscles in the anterior neck

A
  1. longus capitis
  2. longus coli
  3. rectus capitis anterior
  4. rectus capitis lateralis
  5. anterior scalene
  6. middle scalene
  7. posterior scalene
66
Q

which pair of muscles in the anterior neck move C1 and the occiput

A
  1. rectus capitis anterior - flexion of C1
  2. rectus capitis lateralis - more of a stabilizer muscle
67
Q

how many Scalenes do we have

A

we have 3 of them
- anterior
- middle - first fib during inspiration
- posterior - 2nd rib during inspiration
allow lateral flexion to the same side

68
Q

external intercostal muscles primary action

A

moves rib superiorly during inspiration

69
Q

external intercostal muscles ins. org.

A

O: inferior border of rib above
I: superior border of the rib below

70
Q

internal intercostal muscle action

A

moves ribs inferiorly during forceful expiration (not active during standard exhalation)

71
Q

internal intercostal muscle ins. org.

A

O: superior border of the rib below
I: inferior border of rib above

72
Q

diaphragm muscle action

A

A large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity - depresses domes; and moves inferiorly to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity
- muscle fibres converge from the peripheral attachments of the muscle to join to the central tendon

73
Q

diaphragm muscle innervation

A

N: phrenic nerves (C3,4,5)

74
Q

what are the diaphragm attachments

A

xiphoid process, costal margin, end of ribs 11 and 12, lumbar vertebra (LI - LIII).

75
Q

function of diaphragm

A

contacts to enlarge the thoracic cavity and reduce the intrathoracic pressure

76
Q

movement of the ribs and thoracic cage that occurs as respiratory muscles contract and thoracic volume changes

A

bucket handle movement

77
Q

Elevation of the Sternal End of the Rib, increasing the anterior to posterior diameter of the Thoracic cavity

A

pump handle movement

78
Q

external to anterior thoracic wall; anchors upper limb to trunk

A

pectoral region

79
Q

are modified sweat glands in the superfascia that produce milk

A

mammary glands

80
Q

surrounding the nipple, a circular pigmented area of the skin

A

Aerola

81
Q

Arterial supply of the breast

A
  • Axillary Artery (mainly by its lateral thoracic branch)
  • Internal thoracic Artery
  • 2nd to the 4th intercostals arteries.
82
Q

Venous drainage of the breast:

A
  • Axillary, internal thoracic & intercostal veins.
83
Q

Innervation of the breast:

A

2nd to 6th intercostal nerves.
Nipple is innervated by the 4th intercostal Nerve

84
Q

suspensory ligaments of the mammary gland

A

thickenings of superficial fascia that attach the breast to the deep fascia

85
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the breast:

A

75% into axillary lymph nodes.
- The rest, mainly into the parasternal (mid-on-the sternum) lymph nodes.

86
Q

Arterial supply of the thoracic wall

A
  • Posterior intercostal arteries. Mainly branches of the thoracic aorta
  • Anterior intercostal arteries. Branches of the internal thoracic artery directly or indirectly
87
Q

Venous drainage of the thoracic wall

A
  • Posterior intercostal veins: mainly drain on the R. side into azygos vein and on the L. side into the hemiazygos or accessory hemiazygos.
  • Anterior intercostal veins: drain (directly or indirectly) into internal thoracic veins which in turn drain into R. & L. brachiocephalic veins.
88
Q

Nerve supply of the thoracic wall

A

Is mainly done by the anterior rami of the upper thoracic spinal nerves [called intercostal Nerves (T1 - T11)

The Ant. ramus of the spinal N. T12 (The subcostal N) is under rib #12.

  • They supply the intercostal muscles, skin of the chest wall and parietal pleura.
  • The lower intercostal nerves supply the skin & muscles and parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall.
89
Q

what is located at T4

A

the nipple

90
Q

what is located at T5/T6

A

the xiphoid process

91
Q

Nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system
- create movement

A

efferent neurons

92
Q

Nerve cells that carry impulses towards the central nervous system

A

afferent neurons

93
Q

Nerve supply of anterior abdominal wall

A

the lower intercostal nerves T7-T11 and T12

94
Q

Vessels of Anterolateral Abdominal wall

A

Superior epigastric artery, which is a direct continuation of the internal thoracic artery

· Inferior epigastric; branch of the external iliac artery

· Branches of intercostal arteries

· Venous drainage of the abdominal wall is accomplished through veins that run parallel to the above mentioned arteries.

95
Q

what are the functions of the extrinsic back muslces

A
  • produce and control limb movements
96
Q

main action of longus colli

A

flexes neck with roation to opposite side if acting unilaterally

97
Q

Main action of longus capitis

A

flex head

98
Q

main action of rectus capitis anterior

A

flex head

99
Q

main action of anterior scalene

A

flexes neck laterally
elevates 1st rib during forced inspiration

100
Q

main action of rectus capitis lateralis

A

flexes head and helps stabilize it

101
Q

main action of middle scalene

A

Flexes neck laterally; elevates 1st rib during forced inspiration

102
Q

main action of posterior scalene

A

Flexes neck laterally; elevates 2nd rib during forced inspiration

103
Q

which muscles produce flexion of cervical joints

A

bilateral action of longus coli, scalene and sternocleidomastoid

104
Q

which muscles produce extension of cervical joints

A

sternocleidomastoid
trapezuis

deep neck muscles
- semispinalis cervicics and iliocostalsis cervicic
- splenius cervicitis and levator scapulae
- splenius capitis
- multifidus
- longissimus capitis
- semispinalisis capitis

105
Q

which muscles produce lateral bending of cervical joints

A

unilateral action of
- iliocstalisis cervicics
- longissimuis capitis and cervicicis
- splenius capitisi and cervivics
- intertransversaii and scalenes
- sternocleidomastoid

106
Q

which muscles produce rotation of cervical joints

A

unilateral action of
- rotatores
- semispinalisis capitis and cervicics
- multifidus
- splenius capitis

107
Q

which muscles produce flexion of Thoracic and Lumbar joints

A

bilateral action of
- rectus abdominis
- psosas major
- gavity

108
Q

which muscles produce extension of Thoracic and Lumbar joints

A

bilateral action of
- erector spinae
- multitdifus
- semispinalisis throacis

109
Q

which muscles produce lateral bending of Thoracic and Lumbar joints

A
110
Q

which muscles produce rotation of Thoracic and Lumbar joints

A

MSK (30 decks)

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