MSK Test 2 Flashcards
The carpal tunnel contains
- median nerve
- flexor digitorum superfificalis
- flexor digitorum profundus
- flexor pollicis longus
what does not pass through the carpal tunnel
The flexor carpi radialis tendon
What carpal bones surround the carpal tunnel?
hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum, hamate, capitate, trapezoid and trapezium
The only muscle in the forearm innervated by the ulnar nerve is
flexor carpi ulnaris
The ulnar nerve passes between the 2 heads of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
actions of flexor digitorum superficialis:
- flexion of fingers 2-5 AT MCP and PIP joints
- Flexion of hand at wrist joint (flexion of wrist)
- WEAK flexion of forearm
Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP);
Ori:
Proximal anterior & medial surface of ulna - Interosseous membrane
actions of flexor digitorum profundus:
flexion of the wrist, flexion of fingers at all joints
actions of coracobrachialis
flexion of arm and adduction of the arm (especially horizontal)
flexor digitorum profundus is unique because
Dual innervation
* Role of medial and lateral halves of muscle in flexing the fingers
What does the retinacula prevent
bowstringing of the tendons when the hand flexed or hyperextended
at the wrist joint.
what serves as a processing and distribution centre, relaying and regulating information from the outside world and the internal milieu to the cerebral cortex and sustaining cortico-thalamo-cortical communication.
the thalamus
The thalamus also involves multiple activities including….
consciousness, sleep, attention, memory and sensory and motor functions
the ________ is inferior and medial to the thalamus and functions as the centre of the ________ nervous system
hypothalamus- autonomic nervous system
the hypothalamus controls
emotion, body temperature, eating, drinking, etc
The hypothalamus also regulations the function of the major components of the endocrine system through the …..
pituitary gland
epithalamus mainly consists of what gland?
pineal gland
The pineal gland regulates the… and distribution of…
the pineal gland regulates the circadian rhythm (sleep and awake cycle) and distribution of pigment melanin in the skin.
The cerebellum is contained within the… underneath the…
the posterior cranial fossa, underneath the tentorium cerebelli
the cerebellum is behind the medulla and pons from which is separated by the ……
fourth ventricle
It consists of two cerebellar hemispheres connected by a worm-like structure, the…
vermis
It is joined to the brainstem by three bilaterally paired major fibre tracts called the
cerebellar peduncles
the __________ cerebellar peduncles carry axons that connect the cerebellum to the red nucleus of the midbrain and thalamus
superior cerebellar peduncles
the _________ cerebellar peduncles connect the pontine nuclei of the pons to the cerebellum
middle cerebellar peduncles
the ___________ cerebellar peduncles carry bundles of axons travelling between the medulla and cerebellum, such as spinocerebellar tracts.
inferior cerebellar peduncles
The _____ matter forms the cerebellar cortex that surrounds the _____ matter in which deep cerebellar nuclei are located.
gray matter, white matter
what together are referred to as the interposed nucleus
The globose and emboliform together
what are the names of the white matter in which deep cerebellar nuclei are located?
These nuclei include the fastigial, globose & and emboliform (interposed), and dentate
The cerebellar cortex is thrown into folds that appear as leaf-like ridges, _____, on the surface of the cerebellum
folia
The primary function of the cerebellum includes…
the coordination of voluntary movements and maintaining posture and balance.
the brainstem is composed of
medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
the major functions of the brainstem include (3)
- It acts as a passageway for all ascending and descending tracts between the cerebrum and the spinal cord
- it contains the nuclei of the cranial nerves III to XII
- It regulates the automatic behaviours required for survival such as respiration
the brainstem contains the nuclei of the cranial nerves ______
III to XII
The anterior aspect of the midbrain presents two columns, the cerebral peduncles, between which the C.N. ___ emerges.
III
the cerebral peduncles (columns) contain descending tracts such as
corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
collectively, the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts are known as
crus cerebri
The nuclei deep in these colliculi (in the midbrain) (named after the colliculi) are a relay center for the…
The nuclei deep in these colliculi (named after the colliculi) are a relay center for the visual and auditory reflexes, respectively.
several nuclei are embedded within the white matter in the midbrain. Some of which are associated with cranial nerves…
III, IV, and V
The other major nuclei in the midbrain include (2)
red nucleus and the substantia nigra.
The _______ is associated with the rubrospinal tract as part of the extrapyramidal pathways
The red nucleus
The __________ is functionally linked to the basal ganglia regulating voluntary movements
The substantia nigra
(Parkinson’s disease)
The __________ is located behind the cerebral aqueduct, the tegmentum, from the cerebral aqueduct to the substantia nigra, and the cerebral peduncle.
The tectum (roof)
the ________ located around the cerebral aqueduct is a site of production of natural painkillers (endorphins and enkephalins).
The Periaqueductal Gray Matter (PAG)
The anterior surface is convex and carries a longitudinal sulcus, the ___________, occupied by the basilar artery
basilar sulcus
The cranial nerves ____, _____, _____ emerge from the ponto-medullary sulcus, whereas cranial nerve ___ appears at the anterolateral surface of the pons.
The cranial nerves VI, VII, and VIII emerge from the ponto-medullary sulcus, whereas cranial nerve V appears at the anterolateral surface of the pons.
The _____ matter of the pons is formed by the ascending and descending tracts. The ____ matter is organized as nuclei embedded in the white matter.
white, gray
Some of these gray nuclei in the pons are related to the cranial nerves __, ___, ___, and ___.
V, VI, VII, and VIII.
The other major nuclei include but are not limited to the pontine nuclei that act as a relay center for
motor pathways between the cerebrum and cerebellum to coordinate voluntary movements.
Two important nuclei are found within the pons that add more control to the respiration –
– pneumotaxic and apneustic area.
The medulla oblongata or medulla is pyramidal in shape, separated from the pons by a ____________, the ponto-medullary sulcus, superiorly and continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly.
a transverse sulcus
The cranial nerves ___, ____, ___ and ____, emerge from the anterolateral surface of the medulla oblongata.
IX, X, XI, and XII
At the junction of the medulla and spinal cord, one can find the _______________ that deep to that the corticospinal tracts cross each other.
decussation of pyramids
how is the arrangement of the gray and white matter in the inferior half of the medulla?
same as the spinal cord
how is the arrangement of the gray and white matter in the superior half of the medulla?
the gray matter is embedded within the white matter as clusters of nuclei.
most of the nuclei in the medulla oblongata is associated with cranial nerves
V, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII
The other major nuclei in the medulla include but are not limited to the inferior olivary nucleus - a relay center for
proprioceptive information to the cerebellum
The major functional areas in the medulla include but are not limited to the
cardiovascular center, respiratory center (medullary rhythmicity area), and centers that control vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
what system responds to some stimuli, potentially disrupting a relatively constant flow and unchanged level of intensity of incoming signals
the reticular activating system (RAS) (or ascending reticular activating system (ARAS).
the reticular formation is involved in regulating our
regulating our circadian rhythm (internal clock) and sleep-wake cycle, plus it makes its input to the spinal cord (reticulospinal pathway). This pathway contributes to muscle tone
A general anesthetics work to suppress what system?
RAS (ARAS) SYSTEM
