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MSK > Neuroanatomy 1 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The ________ System & ________ System are in charge of maintaining the Homeostasis

A

Nervous and Endocrine

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2
Q

The Nervous System is responsible for: (3)

A
  1. Behaviors
  2. Memories
  3. Movements
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3
Q

three basic functions of the nervous system

A
  1. sensing changes with sensory receptors
  2. interpreting and remembering those changes
  3. reaction to those changes with effectors
    - muscular contractions
    - glandular secretion
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4
Q

The nervous system is divided into two subdivisions:

A

the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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5
Q

consists of the brain and spinal cord, located in a bony cavity. The brain is in the cranial cavity, and the spinal cord is in the vertebral canal of the vertebral column

A

CNS

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6
Q

consists of spinal nerves, cranial nerves, associated ganglia and nerve plexuses.

A

PNS

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7
Q

The peripheral nervous system is further subdivided into an

A

afferent (sensory) division and an efferent (motor) division.

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8
Q

the …… division transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS. It includes the general (somatic) sensory, special sensory and visceral sensory impulses

A

The afferent or sensory

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9
Q

the …… division transmits impulses from the CNS to the peripheral organs to cause an effect or action.

A

The efferent or motor

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10
Q

the efferent or motor division is again subdivided into the

A

somatic nervous systemand the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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11
Q

the …… nervous system supplies motor impulses to the skeletal muscles

A

The somatic nervous system

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12
Q

the …… supplies motor impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, andglands

A

The autonomic nervous system (also called the visceral motor)

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13
Q

the autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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14
Q

the …….. is one of the main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system and governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.

A

The enteric nervous system

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15
Q

touch, temperature, tickle, itch, pain proprioception pressure, and vibration are part of the

A

somatic senses - part of sensory PNS

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16
Q

smell, sight, taste, hearing, and balance are considered

A

special senses - part of sensory PNS

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17
Q

Pain, the stretch of organ wall, blood pressure, pH of fluids within lumen, the osmolarity of fluids are considered

A

visceral senses - part of sensory PNS

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18
Q

voluntary control of skeletal muscle are considered

A

Somatic motor - part of Motor PNS

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19
Q

the brain consists of (4)

A

consists of the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem

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20
Q

The brainstem, in turn, includes (3)

A

the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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21
Q

The ____ processes the incoming sensory and outgoing motor messages and is involved in higher mental activities such as learning, memory, and reasoning

A

CNS

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22
Q

the components of the CNS – _____ and ________ – are enclosed and protected by bony cavities, the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal, respectively.

A

brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

The nervous tissue in the CNS is organized as ____ and _____ matter

A

grey and white matter

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24
Q

The gray matter comprises nerve cell bodies, bundles of __________ (unmyelinated/myelinated) nerve fibres, non-neuronal supportive cells, the glial cells orneuroglia

A

unmyelinated

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25
Q

The white mattermainly consists of bundles of ________(unmyelinated/myelinated) nerve fibres known as______ orfasciculi(singular, fasciculus).

A

myelinated
known as tracts

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26
Q

In the spinal cord, the gray matter forms an H-shaped inner core surrounded by white matter. In the brain, however, a thin outer shell of gray matter, the______, covers the core of the white matter.

A

cortex

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27
Q

A cluster of nerve cell bodies embedded within the CNS is called a_______,whereas aggregation of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS is called a________

A

nucleus, ganglion

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28
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the spinal nerves, cranial nerves, associated ________, and nerve plexuses.

A

ganglia

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29
Q

embryology: brain is subdivided into 3

A
  1. forebrain (prosencephalon)
  2. midbrain (mesencephalon)
  3. hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
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30
Q

embryology: the forebrain (prosencephalon) is divided into

A

telencephalon and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus)

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31
Q

embryology: The midbrain (mesencephalon) is divided into

A

nothing! stays the midbrain

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32
Q

embryology: The hindbrain (rhombencephalon) is divided into

A

metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
myelencephalon (medulla)

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33
Q

when does the development of the brain take place?

A

three, four week embryo and by week 5 it has developed into its parts

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34
Q

rostral and caudal =

A

top and front

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35
Q

dorsal and ventral =

A

front and back

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36
Q

coronal plane

A

A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.

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37
Q

sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally

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38
Q

The axon makes up _____ matter - where signals travel

A

white

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39
Q

The cell body and dendrites make up ____ matter - where signals stop and synapse

A

grey

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40
Q

Two cell types of nervous tissue: Support cells of the nervous system, Nourish and clean up after neurons

A

neuroglia

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41
Q

Two cell types of nervous tissue: Functional unit of the nervous system, How signals travel to and from PNS to CNS and within CNS

A

neurons

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42
Q

where can we find grey matter?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • cortical nuclei/diencephalon (thalamus)
  • grey horns of the spinal cord
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43
Q

where can we find white matter?

A
  • cerebral tracts
  • white columns of the spinal cord
  • spinal pathways
  • peripheral nerves
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44
Q

what describes: cell bodies (soma), dendrites, axon terminals of neurons? Where synapsing occurs between cells. Where information is processed/passing of signals

A

grey matter

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45
Q

bundles of axons forming ______ pathways in the CNS. Where signals travel from one location to another within the CNS.

A

white matter

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46
Q

Nucleus

A

THINK GREY MATTER in CNS

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47
Q

Ganglion

A

GREY MATTER IN PNS

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48
Q

Tract and/or Fasciculus

A

white matter in CNS

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49
Q

Nerve

A

white matter in PNS

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50
Q

cerebrum comprises of the ____ and ____ cerebral hemispheres within the anterior and middle cranial fossae.

A

right and left

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51
Q

In a superior view, the________separates the two hemispheres.

A

longitudinal fissure

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52
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere is a highly convoluted structure that can be divided into four main lobes;________________________, and a small hidden portion deep to the lateral sulcus, the ______(insular lobe,insular cortex).

A

frontal, parietal, occipital,temporal
insula

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53
Q

Each lobe is responsible for different aspects of brain functions; however, the primary role of these lobes is to initiate motor impulses (……. lobe),

A

frontal lobe

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54
Q

which lobe receives general sensory stimuli (…….. lobe),

A

to receive general sensory stimuli (parietal lobe),

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55
Q

which lobe receives auditory impulses (…………. lobe)

A

temporal

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56
Q

which lobe receives visual impulses

A

occipital lobe

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57
Q

which lobe receives taste impulses

A

insula

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58
Q

The outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres represents folds,…… , separated by furrows,……

A

gyri

sulci

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59
Q

There are three main sulci in each cerebral hemisphere:

A
  1. The central sulcusseparates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
  2. The lateral sulcusis the superior boundary of the temporal lobe and separates it from the frontal and parietal lobes.
  3. Parieto-occipital sulcusseparates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
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60
Q

what is the outermost layer of the brain? Which is associated with a higher level of processing and functioning. How many divisions are there?

A

the cerebral cortex
2 - divided into right and left hemisphere

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61
Q

the cerebral cortex is folded to increase _________ for information processing

A

surface area

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62
Q

the bumps/folds of the cortex

A

Gyri

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63
Q

the grooves and indentations of the cortex

A

sulci

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64
Q

the deep sulcus of the cortex. What is the specific name and what does it divide?

A

fissure = deep sulcus
- longitudinal fissures divide hemispheres

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65
Q

which lobe:

cognition, control of voluntary movement, motor production of speech (expressive language)

Special Sensation: Smell

A

frontal

66
Q

which lobe:

processes sensory information
General sensations: pain, pressure, temperature, touch, tickle, and vibration

Special Sensations: taste

A

parietal

67
Q

which lobe: processes memories

Special Sensation: auditory information

A

temporal

68
Q

which lobe: primarily responsible for processing visual sensation

(special sensation)

A

occipital

69
Q

The central sulcus is a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the /_____ lobe from the_____ lobe

A

parietal from the frontal lobe

70
Q

The more _______ matter cortex we have - the higher functioning we are

A

grey

71
Q

Cerebrum: The gray matter forms thecerebral cortex and clusters of nuclei within the white matter are collectively known as___________ (nuclei)

A

basal ganglia

72
Q

The main components of the basal ganglia include the ________ and ________ (putamen and globus pallidus) nuclei. These nuclei are involved in the coordination of motor function.

A

caudate and lenticular

73
Q

The white matter is located deep in the cortex and is formed by ________ (myelinated/unmyelinated) nerve bundles

A

myelinated

74
Q

nerve bundles in the CNS: help to connect signals in the SAME hemisphere

A

Association tracts
Gyrus to gyrus or cranial to caudal (front to back, side to side)

Long ones and short ones

75
Q

connect left to right hemisphere

fibres that connect different gyri of one hemisphere to the corresponding gyri of the other hemisphere

A

Commissural tract

Connect similar regions from right to left, right side hearing to left side hearing, left taste to right taste

76
Q

fibres include the ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fibres connecting the cortex to the lower centers of the CNS
- allow signals to ascend or descend

A

projectional
- Ascending to areas in the brain
In the spinal cord, they will be given a specific name based on the modality they carry (401, DVP)

77
Q

Play a KEY role in ensuring coordinated, meaningful movement

Also helps to sift out signals that are useless - the bouncer to the VIP area, signals has to meet these first

A

basil ganglia

78
Q

There are three major areas in each cerebral hemisphere:

A

Primary sensory areas
Primary motor area
Association areas (Sensory and Motor)

79
Q

Pathways generally tend to make synapses on one of the thalamic nuclei. The thalamus only gets a crude perception of the signal received. It can’t determine the exact location or shape; therefore, the thalamus must forward the incoming signals toward the appropriate cortical area of the cerebrum.

Final analysis and interpretation happen at the cerebral cortex, where visual pathway signals are perceived as images, auditory signals are perceived as sounds or words, or any tactile sensation would be interpreted fully (exact location, shape, weight, texture, etc.)

A
80
Q

Only a specific type of stimulus can stimulate the receptor to produce its receptor potential.

A

from the receptor travels a course of peripheral nerve (either cranial or spinal) follows the tract to the thalamus and is given to the appropriate cortical area for the perception of the sense

81
Q

Primary somatosensory area cortex is located in the

A

postcentral gyrus

82
Q

The primary visual area cortex is located

A

occipital

83
Q

The primary auditory area cortex is located in the

A

upper portion of the temporal lobe.

84
Q

The primary gustatory (taste) area cortex is located in

A

insula (insular lobe)

85
Q

The primary olfactory (smell) area cortex is located in the

A

medial aspect of the temporal lobe

86
Q

_____________– Homunculus - This human-like creature illustrates different parts of the human body having different spatial presentations on the cortex.

A

“Cortical mapping”

87
Q

primary motor cortex: The largest area that generates motor signals for the muscles of ______, muscles of ______ and muscles that functionally belong to the ____apparatus (the areas that initiate fine movements).

A

muscles of the hands, muscles of the facial expression and muscles that functionally belong to the vocal apparatus

88
Q

primary motor cortex: ). Injury to this area leads to motor paralysis of the __________(contralateral/lateral) side of the body.

A

contralateral

89
Q

This portion controls (creates impulses) that travel along the corticospinal tract (pathway) and feed spinal nerves, or the corticobulbar tract (pathway), providing stimuli to the nuclei of cranial nerves. These pathways start from the pyramidal cells in the precentral gyrus located in the frontal lobe (the corticospinal tract is also called the pyramidal tract because of its origin form the pyramidal cells).

A
90
Q

The precentral gyrus extends itself over the medial and lateral cerebral surfaces. That part of the gyrus, which extends to the medial surface, produces motor signals for muscles of the __________

A

leg and foot

91
Q

why are there two motor areas

A

(area that is supplied by branches of the anterior cerebral artery, so that an isolated cerebrovascular accident of this area only causes motor weakness of the leg and foot muscles).

  • one produces motor signals for the leg and foot and the other produced motor signals for the rest of the body
92
Q

The rest of the precentral gyrus is located on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere and produces motor signals for the ____________

A

rest of the body

93
Q

where is the primary motor area cortex located?

A

precentral gyrus
- Involved in conscious control of precise,
skilled, voluntary movements

94
Q

where does the primary motor area cortex receive input from?

A

premotor area & supplementary motor areas

sensory cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

95
Q

True or false: Motor control to different parts of the body comes from the appropriate part of this area as outlined by the motor homunculus

A

true

96
Q

true or false? Size of the body parts on the homunculus is proportional to the degree of fine motor control allotted to those parts

A

true

97
Q

Located in the frontal lobe in front of precentral gyrus, serves as a space where the patterns of movement are stored.

A

pre motor area

98
Q

front of precentral gyrus, serves as a space where the patterns of movement are stored. Learned and several times performed movement is stored as an algorithm into this gyrus. Later, when a person wants to repeat that same type of movement that was previously learned and through the exercise mastered, the algorithm is simply imported into the _______________ gyrus that just initiates motor signals based on the information received.

A

precentral (primary motor)

99
Q

the _____ is in front of the premotor area of the front lobe. It controls the voluntary, synchronized movement of eyeballs.

A

Frontal Eye Field

100
Q

Frontal Eye Field: Left-sided center forces both eyes to move to the ______, and the right-sided center moves them to the ______

A

left-sided centre forces both eyes to move RIGHT
right-sided centre forces both eyes to move LEFT

101
Q

what happens if one of two centres of the Frontal Eye Field is injured?

A

If one of the two centers is injured, the other side center dominates and forces eyes to “look into the side of injury.”

102
Q

It is located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe, just anterior to the inferior part of the precentral gyrus.

A

broca’s area

103
Q

in 99% of the population, Broca’s area is found on the _____ side of the brain

A

left

104
Q

That area is a center for generating motor signals for the vocal apparatus. Controls how we form words

A

Broca’s

105
Q

Its injury results in Broca or motor aphasia, where the patient…

A

understands the speech but cannot speak
they understand but what they are saying makes no sense (slurring)

106
Q

is located around the posterior end of the lateral sulcus (loops around the end of the sulcus) in the left temporoparietal junction. (Temporal, parietal and a little occipital)

A

Wernicke’s area

107
Q

It is critical for the understanding of language

A

Wernicke’s area

108
Q

A person with this aphasia has empty, fluent speech and a loss of speech comprehension. Speech may be effortless and without hesitancy, but little meaningful information is conveyed. The person speaks jumbled, meaningless words

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

109
Q

Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are connected by a white matter tract called the _______ fasciculus

A

arcuate

110
Q

lesion of the arcuate fasciculus results in ________ aphasia. In this condition, the patient can comprehend and articulate BUT Difficulty repeating heard speech

A

conduction aphasia

111
Q

area is located behind the primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobe. It integrates and interprets general sensations, such as shape, texture, and weight. It compares objects by their shapes and interprets the position of body parts relative to the rest of the body. It stores that information in long-term memory

A

The somatosensory association area

112
Q

A lesion in the somatosensory association area results in a condition known as _______________ or the inability to recognize an object placed in the hand.

A

astereognosis (astereognosia)

113
Q

the _____________ area surrounds the primary visual area in the occipital lobe. It gives meaning and interpretation to what we see.

A

visual association area
- Face as familiar, this a door or a chair

114
Q

the ______________ area is located adjacent to the primary auditory area on the lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus, which enables us to interpret the sounds we hear and give them meaning.

A

The auditory association area
- Alarm - means get out of the way
- The sound of a piano, my husband’s voice

115
Q

is located among the sensory, visual, and auditory association areas and integrates signals it receives from primary areas.

A

The common integrative area

116
Q

which area redirects those signals into other parts of the brain, where it generally creates thoughts and ideas that we understand and then voluntarily look for the most appropriate responses.

A

the common integrative area

117
Q

which hemisphere receives somatic sensory signals from and controls muscles on the right side of the body. This hemisphere also holds spoken and written language

A

left hemisphere

118
Q

which hemisphere receives somatic sensory signals from and controls muscles on the left side of the body

A

the right hemisphere

119
Q

The ____________ is located between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain

A

diencephalon

120
Q

What does the diencephalon include

A

It includes the thalami and all other structures surrounding the third ventricle, such as the hypothalamus and epithalamus.

121
Q

how is each structure orientated?
- epithalamus
- thalamus
- subthalamus

A

epithalamus most superiorly, the thalamus centrally, and the subthalamus and hypothalamus inferiorly.

122
Q

which part of the diencephalon is an egg-shaped structure consisting of a group of nuclei, most of which are sensory.

A

thalamus

123
Q

the thalamus plays a crucial role in…

A

many brain functions, serving as a processing and distribution centre, relaying and regulating information from the outside world and the internal milieu to the cerebral cortex and sustaining cortico-thalamo-cortical communication

124
Q

the thalamus involves multiple activities including

A

including consciousness, sleep, attention, memory and sensory and motor functions.

125
Q

The thalamus relays all senses (except _____) to certain sensory areas of the cerebral hemisphere.

A

smell

126
Q
A
127
Q

The_____________is inferior and medial to the thalamus and functions as the center of the autonomic nervous system.

A

hypothalamus

128
Q

hypothalamus controls

A

thus controlling emotion, body temperature, eating, drinking, etc.

129
Q

the hypothalamus also regulates the function of the major components of the endocrine system through the ______ gland.

A

pituitary

130
Q

is a small region posterior and superior to the thalamus, mainly consisting of the______. This gland regulates the circadian rhythm (sleep/awake cycle) and distribution of pigment melanin in the skin.

A

The epithalamus
mainly consisting of the pineal gland

131
Q

the ___________ is contained within the posterior cranial fossa, underneath the tentorium cerebelli, behind the medulla and pons from which is separated by the fourth ventricle.

A

cerebellum

132
Q

the cerebellum consists of two cerebellar hemispheres connected by a worm-like structure, the_____.

A

vermis

133
Q

Itis joined to the brainstem by three bilaterally paired major fibre tracts, the cerebellar peduncles. The________________carry axons that connect the cerebellum to the red nucleus of the midbrain and thalamus

A

superior cerebellar peduncles

134
Q

The_______ cerebellar pedunclesconnect the pontine nuclei of the pons to the cerebellum.

A

middle

135
Q

The________ cerebellar pedunclescarry bundles of axons travelling between the medulla and cerebellum, such as spinocerebellar tracts.

A

inferior

136
Q

The gray matter forms thecerebellar cortexthatsurrounds the white matter in which deep cerebellar nuclei are located. These nuclei include the fastigial, globose & emboliform (interposed), and dentate. The globose and emboliform together are referred to as interposed nucleus.

A
137
Q

The cerebellar cortex is thrown into folds that appear as leaf-like ridges,_____, on the surface of the cerebellum.

A

folia

138
Q

The primary function of the cerebellum includes the coordination of…

A

of voluntary movements and maintaining posture and balance

139
Q

The brainstem is composed of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain from inferior to superior. The major functions of the brainstem include but not limited to: (3)

A
  1. It acts as a passageway for all ascending and descending tracts between the cerebrum and spinal cord.
  2. It contains the nuclei of the cranial nerves III to XII.
  3. It regulates the automatic behaviours required for survival, such as respiration.
140
Q

connects to the pons inferiorly and the diencephalon superiorly

A

the midbrain

141
Q

The anterior aspect of the midbrain presents two columns, thecerebral peduncles, between which the C.N. _____ emerges.

A

III

142
Q

These columns contain descending tracts such as corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, collectively known as the

A

crus cerebri

143
Q

The _____ is related to the cerebellum (posteriorly), medulla oblongata (inferiorly), and midbrain (superiorly).

A

pons

144
Q

The anterior surface is convex and carries a longitudinal sulcus, the________, occupied by the basilar artery.

A

basilar sulcus

145
Q

The cranial nerves ___, ___, and ____ emerge from the ponto-medullary sulcus, whereas cranial nerve __ appears at the anterolateral surface of the pons.

A

VI, VII, and VIII

V appears at the anterolateral surface

146
Q

The white matter of the pons is formed by the ascending and descending tracts. The gray matter is organized as nuclei embedded in the white matter. Some of these nuclei are related to the cranial nerves __, ___, __, and ___

A

V, VI, VII, and VIII.

147
Q

The other major nuclei include but are not limited to the_______ nucleithat act as a relay center for motor pathways between the cerebrum and cerebellum to coordinate voluntary movements

A

pontine

148
Q

Two important nuclei are found within the pons that add more control to the respiration –

A

pneumotaxic and apneustic area.

149
Q

The ______________ or_________is pyramidal in shape, separated from the pons by a transverse sulcus, theponto-medullary sulcus, superiorly and continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly.

A

medulla oblongata or medulla

150
Q

Viewing anteriorly, there is an elevation, the_______,on either side of the median anterior fissure formed by the pyramidal tracts.

A

pyramid

151
Q

Lateral to the pyramid is a second elevation, the______, that overlies the inferior olivary nucleus.

A

olive

152
Q

The cranial nerves ___, ____, ____, and ____ emerge from the anterolateral surface of the medulla oblongata

A

IX, X, XI, and XII

153
Q

At the junction of medulla and spinal cord one can find the _______________ that deep to that the corticospinal tracts cross each other

A

decussation of pyramids

154
Q

As part of the CNS, the ____________ a is composed of gray and white matter, the arrangement of which is the same as the spinal cord in the inferior half of the medulla. However, in the superior half of the medulla, the gray matter is embedded within the white matter as clusters of nuclei.

A

medulla oblongata

155
Q

is not an individual section of the brain but an integral part of the brain stem. It is a collection of nuclei running vertically throughout the brainstem in three columns (the median, medial, and lateral columns).

A

reticular formation

156
Q

Its functions include but are limited to, control of skeletal muscle, pain modulation, control of autonomic and endocrine systems, circadian rhythms, and consciousness.

A

reticular formation

157
Q

To prevent sensory overload, one of its tasks is to filter out up to 99% of all incoming sensory signals, preventing them from being consciously perceived.

A

reticular formation

158
Q

The __________ receives an enormous number of sensory signals from different parts of the body, inclusive of special senses such as vision or hearing.

A

reticular formation

159
Q

It responds to some stimuli, potentially disrupting a relatively constant flow and unchanged level of intensity of incoming signals

A

reticular activating system (RAS) (or ascending reticular activating system (ARAS).

(A person will fall asleep with the air conditioner running, and the constant humming sound of the air conditioner will be eliminated by the reticular formation; upon hearing the ring sound of an alarm clock, that person will wake up. A similar scenario can be used to explain the response of RAS to visual or cutaneous stimuli).

160
Q

Additionally, the reticular formation is involved in regulating our circadian rhythm (internal clock) and sleep-wake cycle, plus it makes its input to the spinal cord (reticulospinal pathway). This pathway contributes to _________.

  • A general anesthetics work to suppress this system
A

muscle tone

MSK (30 decks)

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