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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 > Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Water and its dissolved electrolytes are distributed into ___ major compartments.

A

2

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2
Q

Water and its dissolved electrolytes are distributed into two major compartments: an ___ compartment and an ___ compartment.

A

intracellular

extracellular

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3
Q

Includes the water located in all the cells of the body.

A

Intracellular compartment

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4
Q

Most water, about 63%, is located in the ___ compartment.

A

intracellular

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5
Q

Includes the fluid located outside all the cells and represents about 37% of the total body water.

A

Extracellular compartment

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6
Q

Includes the water located between cells, called interstitial fluid, water within blood vessels (plasma), and water within lymphatic vessels (lymph).

A

Extracellular compartment

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7
Q

Water located between cells.

A

Interstitial fluid (inter-stich-all)

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8
Q

Water within the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels is also called ___ fluid.

A

intravascular

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9
Q

___ fluid is extracellular fluid and includes cerebrospinal fluid, the aqueous and vitreous humors in the eyes, the synovial fluids of joints, the serous fluids in body cavities, and the glandular secretions.

A

Transcellular

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10
Q

___ fluid and ___ are the largest extracellular compartments.

A

Interstitial (inter-stich-all)

plasma

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11
Q

Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular.

A
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12
Q

Intracellular and extracellular fluids vary in their concentrations of various ___.

A

electrolytes

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13
Q

These fluids contain high concentrations of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl − ), and bicarbonate (HCO3 − ) ions.

A

Extracellular fluids

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14
Q

The plasma portion contains more ___ than do other extracellular fluids.

A

protein

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15
Q

These fluids contain high concentrations of potassium (K+), phosphate (PO4 3− ), and magnesium (Mg2+) ions.

A

Intracellular fluids

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16
Q

The ___ of an ion is indicated when it appears in brackets; thus, [H+] means the ___ of the hydrogen ion.

A

concentration x2

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17
Q

Smaller ___ of other ions are present in both intracellular and extracellular fluids.

A

concentrations

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18
Q

Although distributed across the fluid compartments, ___ and ___ can move from one compartment to another.

A

water

electrolytes

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19
Q

Normal ___ contains 0.9% sodium chloride, a concentration equal to that of plasma (the concentration of ‘salt’ in normal ___ resembles that of plasma so it is considered normal)

A

saline x2

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20
Q

Exists when intake equals output.

A

Water balance

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21
Q

Quantity of water taken in.

A

Intake

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22
Q

Amount of water eliminated from the body.

A

Output

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23
Q

Although water intake can vary considerably, the average adult takes in about 2500 mL every day. About 60% comes from drinking ___, an additional 30% comes from water in ___, and 10% comes from the breakdown of ___. This latter portion is called the water of ___.

A

liquids

foods x2

metabolism

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24
Q

Primary regulator of water intake.

A

Thirst

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25
Q

The thirst center is in the ___ of the brain. As the body loses water, the thirst center in the ___ is stimulated, thus causing you to drink.

A

hypothalamus (hy-pa-thal-a-mus) x2

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26
Q

___ restores the water content of the body, so both your thirst and your hypothalamus are satisfied.

A

Drinking

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27
Q

True or false: older adults have a diminished thirst mechanism and are therefore prone to dehydration.

A

True

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28
Q

True or false: in a healthy person, 24-hour intake and output are approximately equal; the individual who takes in 2500 mL of water should therefore eliminate 2500 mL.

A

True

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29
Q

True or false: water can leave the body through several routes such as the kidneys, skin, lungs, and digestive tract.

A

True

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30
Q

Eliminate about 60% of the water as urine.

A

Kidneys

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31
Q

About 28% of water is lost from the ___ and ___.

A

skin

lungs

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32
Q

6% of water is eliminated in the ___ and another 6% is lost as ___.

A

feces

sweat

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33
Q

Primary regulator of water output.

A

Kidneys

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34
Q

Water regulation occurs mainly through the action of ___ ___ (___) on the collecting duct.

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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35
Q

When body water content is low, the posterior ___ gland releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

A

pituitary (pa-too-a-tary)

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36
Q

It stimulates the collecting duct to reabsorb water, thereby decreasing water in the urine and increasing blood volume.

A

Posterior pituitary gland (pa-too-a-tary)

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37
Q

When body water content is high, the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ___. As a result, ___ water is reabsorbed from the ___ duct and the excess water is eliminated in the urine.

A

decreases

less

collecting

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38
Q

Water Balance: Intake Equals Output.

A
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39
Q

A deficiency of body water.

A

Dehydration

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40
Q

Develops when water output exceeds water intake and commonly occurs in conditions such as excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, and use of diuretics.

A

Dehydration

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41
Q

A dehydrated person usually has poor skin ___.

A

turgor (ter-ger)

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42
Q

Caused by the depletion of fluid in the interstitial space.

A

Tenting

43
Q

If dehydration is untreated, blood volume and blood pressure ___, and the person develops a low-volume (hypo___) shock. A water deficit is treated by fluid and electrolyte replacement.

A

decline

hyp-volemic (voh-lee-mick)

44
Q

Fluid retention:

A

edema

45
Q

True or false: edema can be intracellular or extracellular but, generally, we are concerned with interstitial edema.

A

True

46
Q

Water accumulation in the lungs is called ___ edema; it causes hypoxemia and cyanosis.

A

pulmonary

47
Q

___ edema is the accumulation of water in the brain; it causes a life-threatening increase in intracranial pressure and evidence of neurological dysfunction.

A

Cerebral

48
Q

Water accumulation in the ankle region is called ___ edema.

A

pedal

49
Q

Fluid may shift as part of a normal homeostatic mechanism as in the prevention of hypo___ due to dehydration.

A

hypo-volemia (voh-lee-mia)

50
Q

Happens due to change in the ‘pushing and pulling’ forces affecting the capillaries.

A

Fluid shift

51
Q

The forces in this normal homeostatic mechanism include the capillary filtration pressure, plasma oncotic pressure, effect of lymphatic drainage, and effects of plasma protein that becomes trapped in the tissue space.

A

Fluid shift / water movement

52
Q

A clinical term that refers to the distribution of body water.

A

Fluid spacing

53
Q

Refers to the normal distribution of water.

A

First spacing

54
Q

Refers to the accumulation of water in the interstitial spaces (as in pedal edema). Generally, with adequate treatment, this water can be reabsorbed and excreted.

A

Second spacing

55
Q

Refers to the accumulation of water in spaces from which it is not easily absorbed. For example, the water that accumulates in the abdominal cavity as ascites is not easily reabsorbed. Similarly, the excess water that accumulates within the digestive tract as a result of a paralytic ileus is unavailable for easy reabsorption.

A

Third spacing

56
Q

The amount of water in ‘___ spaces’ can be large and life threatening.

A

third

57
Q

True or false: monitoring of water distribution is a common clinical concern.

A

True

58
Q

The daily measurement of body weight provides a reliable estimate of fluid balance. For example, if a person with heart failure suddenly gains 4.4 lb, you should suspect fluid ___.

A

retention

59
Q

Exists when the amounts of the various electrolytes gained by the body equal the amounts lost.

A

Electrolyte balance

60
Q

The kidneys control the composition of body fluids by regulating the renal excretion of ___.

A

electrolytes

61
Q

An element or compound that carries an electrical charge (Na+, Cl − , K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+).

A

Ion

62
Q

A positively charged ion, such as Na+, K+, and Ca2+.

A

Cation (cat-ion)

63
Q

A negatively charged ion, such as Cl − and HCO3 − (bicarbonate). Most proteins (such as albumin) carry a negative charge.

A

Anion (an-ion)

64
Q

Substances that form ions when they dissolve in water such as NaCl (salt).

A

Electrolytes

65
Q

The chemical reaction caused when an electrolyte splits into two ions.

A

Ionization

66
Q

The chief extracellular cation.

A

Sodium

67
Q

Accounts for almost 90% of the positively charged ions in the extracellular fluid.

A

Sodium

68
Q

True or false: sodium plays a key role in the regulation of water balance.

A

True

69
Q

The primary mechanism regulating sodium concentration.

A

Aldosterone (al-daws-ter-one)

70
Q

Stimulates the distal tubule and upper collecting duct of the nephron unit to reabsorb sodium.

A

Aldosterone (al-daws-ter-on)

71
Q

Usually, ‘when sodium moves, ___ moves’; this means that aldosterone causes the reabsorption of both Na+ and ___.

A

water

water

72
Q

The chief intracellular cation.

A

Potassium (K+)

73
Q

The primary hormone regulating K+ concentration.

A

Aldosterone (al-daws-ter-one)

74
Q

Aldosterone stimulates the distal tubule and upper ___ duct of the ___ ___ to excrete K+ into the urine.

A

collecting

nephron unit

75
Q

Primary organ responsible for the excretion of excess K+.

A

Kidney

76
Q

True or false: the monitoring of serum K+ levels is an important clinical responsibility.

A

True

77
Q

Whereas only 2% of the K+ is located in the extracellular space, plasma K+ is important for normal muscle function, especially cardiac function. Changes in plasma levels of K+ cause serious cardiac ___.

A

dysrhythmias (dis-ryth-mias)

78
Q

Necessary for bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting.

A

Calcium

79
Q

Of the body’s ___, 99% is in the bones and teeth.

A

calcium

80
Q

Primary regulator of plasma levels of calcium.

A

Parathyroid hormone

81
Q

Next to K+, ___ is the most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid.

A

magnesium

82
Q

Important in the function of the heart, muscles, and nerves.

A

Magnesium

83
Q

The chief extracellular anion that usually follows sodium.

A

Chloride

84
Q

When sodium is actively pumped from the tubules into the peritubular capillaries, ___ follows the sodium passively.

A

chloride

85
Q

Changes in the plasma levels of ___ affect acid-base balance through its effect on bicarbonate.

A

chloride

86
Q

When the plasma chloride level ____ (hypochloremia), the plasma bicarbonate level ___ and causes alkalosis. Hyperchloremia, on the other hand, causes a ___ in the plasma bicarbonate level and a state of acidosis.

A

decreases

increases

decrease

87
Q

True or false: both sodium and chloride are greatly affected by diuretic therapy.

A

True

88
Q

An important anion in acid-base balance.

A

Bicarbonate

89
Q

HCO3 −

A

Bicarbonate

90
Q

Cl −

A

Chloride

91
Q

Mg2+

A

Magnesium

92
Q

Ca2+

A

Calcium

93
Q

K+

A

Potassium

94
Q

Na+

A

Sodium

95
Q

An alkaline (basic) substance that helps remove excess H+ from the body.

A

Bicarbonate

96
Q

It is also the form in which carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported in the blood.

A

Bicarbonate

97
Q

Bicarbonate excretion is controlled by the ___.

A

kidneys

98
Q

True or false: bicarbonate can be either reabsorbed or excreted by the kidneys depending on the body’s needs.

A

True

99
Q

Excess K+ in the blood.

A

Hyperkalemia (hyper-cal-e-mia)

100
Q

Too little K+ in the blood.

A

Hypokalemia (hypo-cal-e-mia)

101
Q

Excess Na+ in the blood.

A

Hypernatremia (hyper-na-tree-me-a)

102
Q

A decrease in the plasma Na+.

A

Hyponatraemia (hypo-na-tree-me-a)

103
Q

True or false: often, a person becomes hyponatremic because of excess water in the blood.

A

True

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 (26 decks)

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