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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles propel body content such as ___, blood, and food to move.

A

air

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2
Q

By pulling on underlying bones, the muscles enable to body to:

A

move

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3
Q

Muscles maintain the ___ of joints, thereby contributing to the flexibility of the skeletal system.

A

stability

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4
Q

Muscles contraction generates:

A

heat

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5
Q

The muscle that is generally attached to bone.

A

Skeletal muscle

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6
Q

Another name for skeletal muscle.

A

Voluntary muscle

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7
Q

This type of muscle is long, shaped like cylinders or tubes.

A

Skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Skeletal muscles are long, shaped like cylinders or tubes, and composed of proteins arranged to make the muscle appear ___.

A

striated

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9
Q

This type of muscle produces movement, maintains body posture, and stabilizes joints.

A

Skeletal muscle

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10
Q

This type of muscle is generally found in the walls of the viscera, such as the stomach.

A

Smooth muscle

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11
Q

The internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially those in the abdomen, e.g. the intestines.

A

Viscera

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12
Q

The smooth muscle is also called the:

A

visceral muscle

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13
Q

This type of muscle is found in tubes and passage ways such as the bronchioles (breathing passages) and blood vessels.

A

Smooth muscle

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14
Q

Muscle that functions automatically.

A

Involuntary

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15
Q

This type of muscle does not appear striated.

A

Smooth muscle

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16
Q

Muscle that is not striated.

A

Nonstriated muscle

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17
Q

The contraction of this type of muscle is slower and continues for a longer period.

A

Smooth muscle

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18
Q

A continuous partial contraction of the smooth muscle.

A

Muscle tone

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19
Q

This function in the smooth muscle helps maintain blood pressure as if it were to decrease, a person might experience a life-threatening decline in blood pressure.

A

Muscle tone

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20
Q

This type of muscle has a greater degree of stretchiness.

A

Smooth muscle

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21
Q

This type of muscle is only found in the heart.

A

Cardiac muscle

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22
Q

This type of muscle functions to pump blood throughout the body.

A

Cardiac muscle

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23
Q

Long branching, cardiac muscle cells that fit together tightly at junctions are called:

A

Intercalated discs

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24
Q

___ of the smooth muscle of the organ expels its contents.

A

Contraction

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25
Q

Tight-fitting junctions that promote rapid conduction of electrical signals throughout the heart.

A

Intercalated discs

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26
Q

This type of muscle is classified as striated and involuntary.

A

Cardiac muscle

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27
Q

This type of muscle has the highest capacity for regeneration.

A

Smooth muscle

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28
Q

A large skeletal muscle is surrounded by layers of tough connective tissue called:

A

fascia

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29
Q

Muscle fibres are:

A

cells

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30
Q

A muscle is thousands of muscle fibres (cells), blood vessels, and nerves that are packaged together by various layers of:

A

connective tissue

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31
Q

The outer layer of fascia is called the ___.

A

epimysium

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32
Q

Another layer of connective tissue, called the ___, surrounds smaller bundles of muscle fibres.

A

perimysium

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33
Q

The bundles of muscle fibres are called ___.

A

fascicles

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34
Q

Individual muscle fibres are found within the fascicles and are surrounded by a third layer of connective tissue called the ___.

A

endomysium

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35
Q

A long cord-like structure that the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend toward and attach to.

A

Tendon

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36
Q

The muscle cell is an elongated muscle ___.

A

fibre

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37
Q

Each muscle fibre is composed of long cylindrical structure called ___.

A

myofibrils

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38
Q

The muscle fibre’s (cell’s) membrane.

A

Sarcolemma

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39
Q

At several points, the cell membrane (sarcolemma) penetrates deep into the interior of the muscle fibre, forming ___ ___ (_ ___).

A

transverse tubules (T tubules)

40
Q

This envelope-like component within the muscle fibre and surrounding the myofibrils acts as a storage unit for calcium when the muscle is unstimulated.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

41
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cells.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

42
Q

Each myofibril is made up of a series of contractile units called ___.

A

sarcomeres

43
Q

Any of the dark thin bands across a striated muscle fibre that marks the junction of actin filaments in adjacent sarcomeres.

A

Z line

44
Q

Each sarcomere extends from Z line to Z line and is formed by a unique arrangement of contractile proteins, referred to as __ and __ filaments.

A

thick / thin

45
Q

Sarcomeres are formed by contractile ___.

A

proteins

46
Q

Contractile proteins:

A

thick and thin filaments

47
Q

The thin filaments extend towards the __ of the sarcomere from the Z lines.

A

centre

48
Q

The thin filaments are composed of two proteins called __ and ___.

A

actin / the troponintropomyosin complex (T - myosin)

49
Q

This contains the binding site for the myosin.

A

Actin

50
Q

Extending from the thick myosin filaments are structures called ___ ___.

A

myosin heads

51
Q

The arrangement of thick and thin filaments gives muscles this appearance.

A

Striated

52
Q

Mechanism that describes how muscles contract.

A

Sliding filament mechanism

53
Q

True or false: muscles can only pull and can not push.

A

True

54
Q

When muscles contract they ___.

A

shorten

55
Q

Muscles shorten because the length of the ___ shortens.

A

sarcomere

56
Q

The sarcomere length shortens because the thick and thin filaments __ past each other.

A

slide

57
Q

When the contractile apparatus is stimulated, the sarcomere is flooded with ___.

A

calcium

58
Q

The calcium that floods the sarcomere enables the myosin heads to make contact with special sites on the actin, forming temporary connects called ___.

A

cross-bridges

59
Q

The rotation of the __ ___ causes the thick filaments to slide past the thin filaments and the length of the sarcomere becomes ___er.

A

myosin heads / shorter

60
Q

When cross-bridges are formed, myosin heads ___.

A

rotate

61
Q

Muscle ___ occurs when the cross-bridges are broken and the thin and thick filaments return to their original positions (sarcomere lengthens).

A

relaxation

62
Q

Actin-my-osin connections.

A

Cross-bridges

63
Q

Calcium is stored in the ___ ___, away from the thin and thick filaments.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

When the muscle membrane (sarcolemma) is stimulated, ___ is released from the ___ __ and floods the sacromere.

A

calcium / sarcolplasim reticulum

65
Q

When calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), the cross-bridges are ___ and the sarcomere shortens.

A

broken

66
Q

The energy release released by ___ ___ (___) is necessary for cross-bridges to both form and disengage.

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

67
Q

The actin protein contains __ to which the myosin heads bind.

A

sites

68
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction can take place only when the muscle is first stimulated by a ___.

A

nerve

69
Q

The type of nerve that supples the skeletal muscle is a ___ ___ nerve.

A

somatic motor

70
Q

A motor nerve composed of many nerve cells.

A

Motor neurons

71
Q

Motor neurons emerge from the ___ ___ and travel to the ___ muscle.

A

spinal cord / skeletal

72
Q

The area where the motor neuron meets the muscle is called the ___ ___ (___).

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

73
Q

Stored at the neuron ending are vesicle filled with a chemical substance called a ___.

A

neurotransmitter

74
Q

The neurotransmitter at the NMJ is ___.

A

acetycholine

75
Q

Attaches muscle to bone.

A

Tendons

76
Q

Urinary bladder, stomach, and uterus are all examples of this type of muscle.

A

Smooth muscle

77
Q

The electric signal travels along the muscle cell membrane (sarcolemma) and penetrates into its interior through the ___ ___.

A

T tubules

78
Q

What are tendons made out of?

A

Collagen

79
Q

A normal, continuous state of partial muscle contraction.

A

Muscle tone

80
Q

Bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach muscle to the periosteum (the fibrous covering of the bone).

A

Tendons

81
Q

Enables bones to move when skeletal muscles contact.

A

Tendons

82
Q

Large broad muscle located in middle and lower back region. Contraction of this muscle lowers the shoulders and brings the arm back as if pointing to an object behind you. For example, swimming and rowing.

A

Latissimus dorsi

83
Q

Group of four muscles that attach the humerous to the scapula. Helps rotate the arm at the shoulder joint.

A

Rotator cuff

84
Q

Forms the rounded portion of the shoulder and the shoulder pad. Extends from its origins on the clavicle and scapula to its insertion on the humorous. Contraction of this muscle abducts the arm at the shoulder joint.

A

Deltoid

85
Q

When contracted, this muscle moves the clavicle and scapula and allows for shrugging and rotating movement of the pectoral girdles.

A

Trapezius

86
Q

Large, broad muscle that helps form the anterior chest wall. This muscle connects the humerus with the clavicle and structures the axial skeleton. Contraction of this muscle moves the arm across the front of the chest, as if pointing to an object in front of the body.

A

Pectoralis major

87
Q

This muscle extends at each side of the neck. Contraction of both muscles flexes the head at the neck; contraction of one rotates the head towards the opposite side.

A

Strenocleidomastoid

88
Q

Muscles located between ribs involved in breathing.

A

Intercostals

89
Q

Dome-shaped muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities. Chief muscle of inhalation.

A

Diaphragm

90
Q

Major muscle on anterior surface of arm.

A

Biceps branchii

91
Q

Largest and most superficial of the gluteal muscles. Located on posterior surface of buttocks. Sitting muscle, stair - climbing muscle; rotates thigh laterally at hip and produces back swing of leg while walking.

A

Gluteus maximus

92
Q

Group of three muscles located on posterior surface of thigh. Flex leg at knee and extend thigh at hip.

A

Hamstring group

93
Q

Group of muscles that flex and rotate vertebral column.

A

Abdominal group

94
Q

Group of four muscles located on anterior thigh. Group used to extend leg at the knee (kicking a soccer ball).

A

Quadriceps femoris

95
Q

Thick muscle that covers shoulder joint. Abducts arm as in “scarcrow” position; flexes, extends, and rotates arm at shoulder.

A

Deltoid

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 (26 decks)

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