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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Also called the plasma membrane.

A

Cell membrane

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2
Q

This cell structure separates the intracellular (inside the cell) and the extracellular (outside the cell) of the cell.

A

Cell membrane

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3
Q

These words are closely related to the cell membrane as the cell membrane chooses which substances can pass through and which can not.

A

Permeable & semi-permeable

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4
Q

This physically keeps the cell together.

A

Cell membrane

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5
Q

Primarily composed of phospholipids, protein, and carbohydrates.

A

Cell membrane

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6
Q

Proteins that penetrate the cell membrane form ___ through which water and small solutes can flow.

A

Pores

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7
Q

The protein molecules in the cell membrane act as ___ ___ for hormones. The protein molecules in the cell membrane also provide ___ support.

A

binding sites / structural

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8
Q

The number of layers phospholipids are arranged in.

A

2

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9
Q

Substances can move across the semipermeable membrane by dissolving in the ___ portion of the membrane or by flowing through the ___.

A

lipid / pores

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10
Q

How fat-soluble substances cross the cell membrane.

A

Dissolve in the lipid portion of the cell membrane

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11
Q

How water-soluble substances cross the cell membrane.

A

Pores

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12
Q

The control centre of the cell.

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

A component of the cell contains genetic information and controls all protein synthesis.

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

Most adult cells have ___ nucleus; only mature RBCs have __ nucleus.

A

1 / no

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15
Q

Surrounding the nucleus is a double-layered ___ membrane.

A

Nuclear

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16
Q

Part of the cell that contains large pores that allow the free movement of certain substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

A

Nuclear membrane

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17
Q

The nucleus is filled with a fluid substance called ___.

A

nucleoplasm

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18
Q

Gel in the nucleus is…

A

Nucleoplasm

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19
Q

Nucleoplasm contains two other structures called the __ and ___.

A

nucleolus / chromatin

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20
Q

Which cell component synthesizes ribosomes that move through nuclear pores in the cytoplasm where they play a role in protein synthesis?

A

Nucleolus (little nucleus)

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21
Q

This cell component is composed mainly of strands of DNA.

A

Chromatin

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22
Q

In dividing cells chromatin strands coil tightly, forming DNA-containing structures called ___.

A

chromosomes

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23
Q

Found inside the cell but outside the nucleus, this component of the cell is known as the gel of the cell.

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

Found inside the cytoplasm, this intracellular fluid is composed primarily of water, electrolytes, proteins, and nutrients.

A

Cytosol

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25
Q

“Little organs”.

A

Organelles

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26
Q

These components are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.

A

Organelles

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27
Q

Tiny, slipper-shaped organelles.

A

Mitochondria

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28
Q

This organelle has two layers; one smooth and the inner with many folds (the cristae).

A

Mitochondria

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29
Q

Mitochondria is the site of ___ ___ (___) production which happens in the folds of the cristae (the inner layer of mitochondria).

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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30
Q

“Power plants” of the cell

A

Mitochondria

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31
Q

True or false: the number of mitochondria per cell varies depending on the metabolic activity of the cell (how hard the cell works).

A

True

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32
Q

True or false: the more metabolically active the cell, the greater number of mitochondria.

A

True

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33
Q

An enzyme located in mitochondria.

A

ATP

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34
Q

Cytoplasmic organelles involved in protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

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35
Q

This type of ribosome is largely concerned with the synthesis of exportable protein.

A

Fixed ribosome

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36
Q

This type of ribosome floats freely within the cytoplasm and generally synthesizes proteins that are used within the cell.

A

Free ribosomes

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37
Q

These long, folded membranes (a network) form channels through which substances, especially newly synthesized proteins move.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum(s)

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38
Q

This type of endoplasmic reticulum is like sandpaper in appearance.

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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39
Q

This type of endoplasmic reticulum is primarily concerned with protein synthesis.

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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40
Q

The protein that is synthesized along the rough endoplasmic reticulum is transported through the channels and delivered to this organelle for further processing.

A

Golgi apparatus

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41
Q

This endoplasmic reticulum does not contain ribosomes on its surface and appears smooth.

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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42
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is primarily involved in the synthesis of this substance in the skeletal muscle and liver cells.

A

Lipids, electrolytes, and 3 other substance.

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43
Q

This organelle consists of a series of flattened membraneous sacs.

A

Golgi apparatus

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44
Q

A glucose molecule may be attached to a protein within this organelle (finishing touches).

A

Golgi apparatus

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45
Q

A segment of the Golgi membrane wraps itself around the protein and pinches itself off to form this sac-like mechanism.

A

Secretory vesicle

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46
Q

These three organelles are mainly involved in protein synthesis.

A

1) Ribosomes
2) Endoplasmic reticulum
3) Golgi apparatus

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47
Q

This organelle ‘packages’ the protein.

A

Golgi membrane

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48
Q

These membranous sacs contain powerful enzymes that break down intracellular waste and debris, including damaged organelles.

A

Lysosomes

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49
Q

This enzyme kills ingested bacteria and breaks down the contractile proteins of inactive muscles (occurs in retired athletes and chronically bedridden persons).

A

Lysosomal enzymes

50
Q

This organelle is composed of threadlike structures called microfilaments and microtubules.

A

Cytoskeleton

51
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of these two threadlike structures.

A

Microfilaments & microtubules

52
Q

This organelle helps maintain the cell’s shape and assists the cell in various forms of cellular movement.

A

Cytoskeleton

53
Q

This type of cell, which contains a large number of microfilaments, is the most common in regard to cellular movement.

A

Muscle cell

54
Q

This is the primary component of the cytoskeleton.

A

Microtubules

55
Q

The complement of the cytoskeleton that makes the cell strong and rigid and anchors the position of the organelles within the cytoplasm.

A

Microtubules

56
Q

This part of the cytoskeleton plays a key role in cell division; forming the spindle apparatus that helps distribute the chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell.

A

Microtubules

57
Q

These are paired, rod-shaped, short microtubular structures that form the spindle apparatus in a dividing cell.

A

Centrioles

58
Q

This structure is found on the cell membrane and is for cells that are mainly involved with the movement of large amounts of water and its dissolved solutes.

A

Microvilli

59
Q

The folding of this structure on the cell membrane increases surface area, thereby increasing the amount of fluid absorbed.

A

Microvilli

60
Q

These are short, hairlike projections on the cell membrane’s outer surface.

A

Cilia

61
Q

These structures use wavelike motions to move substances across the surface of a cell.

A

Cilia

62
Q

These structures, much like cilia but thicker, longer, and fewer in number, help move the cell.

A

Flagella

63
Q

This mechanism causes water and dissolved substances to move without additional energy (like rolling a ball down a hill).

A

Passive transport mechanism

64
Q

This mechanism requires an input of energy in the form of ATP to allow movement to and from the cell membrane.

A

Active transport mechanism

65
Q

This passive transport mechanism moves oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood.

A

Diffusion

66
Q

This passive transport mechanism is the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

Diffusion

67
Q

This is the most common transport mechanism.

A

Diffusion

68
Q

In this passive transport mechanism, the substance is helped across the membrane by a molecule.

A

Facilitated diffusion

69
Q

This passive transport mechanism diffuses water through a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

70
Q

This is the ability of the concentration of a solution to affect the volume and pressure within a cell.

A

Tonicity

71
Q

This solution has the same concentration as intracellular fluid.

A

Isotonic solution

72
Q

This solution contains pure water and is more dilute than the inside of the cell.

A

Hypotonic solution

73
Q

This is a concentrated salt solution.

A

Hypertonic solution

74
Q

With this passive transport mechanism, water and dissolved substances cross the membrane respond to different pressures.

A

Filtration

75
Q

This active transport method requires an input of energy and moves substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

A

Active transport pumps

76
Q

This active transport mechanism involves the cell membrane’s intake of food or liquid.

A

Endocytosis

77
Q

In this active transport mechanism, the particle is too large to move across the membrane by diffusion.

A

Endocytosis

78
Q

In this active transport mechanism, the particle is surrounded by the cell membrane and engulfed by it.

A

Endocytosis

79
Q

This form of endocytosis involves a solid particle.

A

Phagocytosis

80
Q

By ingesting a water droplet, the cell demonstrates this type of endocytosis.

A

Pinocytosis

81
Q

This active transport mechanism brings substances out of the cells.

A

Exocytosis

82
Q

This process is necessary for the body’s growth, repair, and reproduction.

A

Cell division

83
Q

Involved in the body’s growth and repair, this process is the splitting of one mother cell into two identical daughter cells.

A

Mitosis

84
Q

During this cell cycle phase, the cell carries on with its normal functions and gets ready for mitosis through growth and DNA replication.

A

Interphase

85
Q

G1, S, and G2 are parts of this phase in the cell cycle.

A

Interphase

86
Q

During this sub-phase of interphase, the cell carries on its usual activities and begins to make the DNA and other substances necessary for cell division.

A

G1

87
Q

During this sub-phase of interphase, the cell duplicates its chromosomes, thereby making enough DNA for two identical cells.

A

S

88
Q

In this sub-phase of interphase, enzymes and other proteins are synthesized.

A

G2

89
Q

Cell division where the nuclei of both cells contain identical genetic information.

A

Mitosis

90
Q

The sequence of events where the cell goes through from one mitotic division to the next includes two major phases: interphase and mitosis.

A

The cell cycle

91
Q

The phase in mitosis where the chromosomes coil so tightly that they become visible under a light microscope.

A

Prophase

92
Q

The phase in mitosis where each chromosome pair is composed of two identical strands of DNA called chromatids which are attached at a point called the centromere.

A

Prophase

93
Q

The phase in mitosis where two pairs of centrioles move to opposite poles of the nucleus and the nuclear membrane eventually disappears.

A

Prophase

94
Q

The phase in mitosis where chromatids are aligned in a narrow central zone and spindle fibres connect the chromatids and centrioles.

A

Metaphase

95
Q

This is the phase in mitosis when the centromeres split, and the chromatids are eventually pulled to opposite poles.

A

Anaphase

96
Q

In this phase of mitosis, each new cell reverts to the interphase state; the nuclear membrane reforms, the chromosomes uncoil, and the chromatin strands reappear.

A

Telophase

97
Q

This, beginning in late anaphase, is the pinching of the cell membrane to split the cytoplasm into two distinct cells and, along with telophase, marks the end of mitosis.

A

Cytokinesis

98
Q

This, also known as ‘cell suicide,’ helps rid the body of old, unnecessary, and unhealthy cells.

A

Apoptosis

99
Q

This happens when cells are injured so severely that they die.

A

Necrosis

100
Q

The branch of biology is concerned with the study of cell structure and function.

A

Cytology

101
Q

The making of new glucose from a nonglucose source.

A

Gluconeogenesis

102
Q

The anaerobic breakdown (catabolism) of glucose to lactic acid.

A

Glycolysis

103
Q

This includes all the enzymatic reactions needed to run the body.

A

Metabolism

104
Q

Simple sugar.

A

Monosaccharide

105
Q

This passive transport mechanism moves oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood.

A

Diffusion

106
Q

This passive transport mechanism moves glucose throughout the body.

A

Facilitated diffusion

107
Q

This passive transport mechanism is the reason for tissue swelling (edema) during tissue injury.

A

Osmosis

108
Q

A red blood cell would explode in this solution.

A

Hypotonic solution

109
Q

A red blood cell would shrink in this solution.

A

Hypertonic solution

110
Q

The movement of fluid across the capillary wall can be attributed to this passive transport mechanism.

A

Filtration

111
Q

This active transport mechanism moves K+ into a cell from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

A

Active transport pumps

112
Q

This active transport mechanism has protein wrapped in a membrane fuse with the cell membrane to be expelled.

A

Exocytosis

113
Q

The increase in the size (not the number) of cells and a response to increased workload. For example, lifting weights.

A

Hypertrophy

114
Q

An increase in the number of cells caused by an increase in cell division.

A

Hyperplasia

115
Q

A reversible cellular transformation (from one cell type to another). For example, cigarette smoking can cause the transformation of columnar epithelium into squamous epithelium, but smoking cessation can reverse the cellular change.

A

Metaplasia

116
Q

A maladaptive cellular disorder in which the cells show abnormal differentiation, resulting in changes in cell size, shape, and appearance.

A

Dysplasia

117
Q

A serious maladaptive cellular change where cells are poorly differentiated (immature or embryonic). This cell growth is a characteristic of malignant (cancerous) cells.

A

Anaplasia

118
Q

An example of sperm.

A

Flagella

119
Q

The cell component that permits absorption of large amounts of fluid and digestive products.

A

Microvilli

120
Q

Muscle tissue can do this while other tissues can not.

A

Shorten

121
Q

Forms channels to direct flow of cellular substances such as protein.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 (26 decks)

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