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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 > Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves > Flashcards

Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord serves three major functions: ___ pathway, ___ pathway, and ___ ___.

A

sensory

motor

reflex centre

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2
Q

The spinal cord provides pathways for ___ information travelling from the periphery to the brain.

A

sensory

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3
Q

The spinal cord provides pathways for ___ information coming from the brain and going to the periphery.

A

motor

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4
Q

The spinal cord acts as a major ___ centre.

A

reflex centre

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5
Q

A continuation of the brain stem.

A

Spinal cord

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6
Q

A tubelike structure located within the spinal cavity.

A

Spinal cord

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7
Q

True or false: the diameter of the spinal cord is similar to the thickness of your thumb.

A

True

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8
Q

About 17 inches (43 cm) long and extends from the foramen magnum of the occipital bone to the level of the first lumbar vertebra (L1), just below the bottom rib.

A

Spinal cord

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9
Q

True or false: like the brain, the spinal cord is well protected by bone (vertebrae), meninges, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the blood-brain barrier.

A

True

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10
Q

True or false: meningeal membranes extend the length of the spinal cavity.

A

True

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11
Q

True or false: the spinal cord ends at L1.

A

True

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12
Q

True or false: the vertebral column grows faster than the cord and because of the different rates of growth, the spinal cavity eventually becomes longer than the spinal cord, with the cord extending only to L1 in the adult.

A

True

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13
Q

Located in the centre of the spinal cord and is shaped like a butterfly.

A

Grey matter

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14
Q

It is composed primarily of cell bodies, interneurons, and synapses.

A

Grey matter

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15
Q

Two projections of the grey matter are the dorsal (posterior) ___ and the ventral (anterior) ___.

A

horn x2

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16
Q

In the middle of the grey matter.

A

Central canal

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17
Q

A hole that extends the entire length of the spinal cord.

A

Central canal

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18
Q

It is open to the ventricular system in the brain and to the subarachnoid space at the bottom of the spinal cord.

A

Central canal

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19
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows from the ventricles in the brain down through the ___ ___ into the subarachnoid space at the base of the spinal cord.

A

central canal

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20
Q

Circulates throughout the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord and brain.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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21
Q

(A) Location and length of the spinal cord. (B and C) Lumbar puncture (spinal tap).

A
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22
Q

The ___ ___ of the spinal cord is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons. These neuronal axons are grouped together into sensory and motor tracts.

A

white matter

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23
Q

Carry information from the periphery, up the spinal cord, and toward the brain.

A

Sensory tracts

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24
Q

Ascending tracts:

A

sensory tracts.

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25
Q

An example of an ascending tract, carrying sensory information for touch, pressure, and pain from the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain.

A

Spinothalamic

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26
Q

Sensory information originates from the activation of ___ in the periphery. For instance, you accidentally injured your finger, thereby activating pain ___ in the finger. This information is carried by a ___ nerve to the spinal cord and brain where it is interpreted as pain.

A

receptors x2

sensory

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27
Q

A peripheral sensory nerve:

A

afferent nerve, from the Latin meaning ‘to bring toward’

  • Remember: sensory, afferent, and ascending-all words referring to sensory information and transfer
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28
Q

Carry information from the brain, down the spinal cord, and toward the periphery.

A

Motor tracts

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29
Q

Descending tracts:

A

motor tracts.

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30
Q

The major descending tracts are the ___ and ___ tracts.

A

pyramidal (pa-ram-i-dal)

extrapyramidal

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31
Q

Corticospinal tract:

A

pyramidal tract (pa-ram-i-dal)

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32
Q

The major motor tract.

A

Pyramidal tract (pa-ram-i-dal)

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33
Q

Originates in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.

A

Pyramidal tract (pa-ram-i-dal)

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34
Q

As its name (___) implies, motor information is carried from the cortex (origin) of the brain to the spinal cord.

A

corticospinal (kort-tico)

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35
Q

___ information is carried from the spinal cord toward the periphery. For instance, the intent to move your leg originates in the brain; the signal travels down the spinal cord in a ___ tract and along ___ nerves to the muscles of the lower extremities causing movement.

A

Motor x3

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36
Q

Motor nerve:

A

efferent nerve, from the Latin meaning to carry away

*Remember: motor, efferent, and descending. All words refer to motor information and transfer.

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37
Q

Most tracts ___, or cross over, from one side to the other.

A

decussate (d-cuss-ate)

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38
Q

A corticospinal tract that originates in the left frontal lobe descends to the medulla oblongata, in the brain stem. The fibres then ___, descend the right side of the spinal cord, and innervate the right side of the body.

A

decussate (d-cuss-ate)

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39
Q

If a person suffers a stroke on the left side of the brain, this person experiences right-sided paralysis (hemiparalysis) because of ___.

A

decussation (d-cuss-ation)

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40
Q

True or false: some motor fibres do not decussate and therefore descend on the same (ipsilateral) side. Thus, a patient who has sustained a stroke in the left brain may experience both right-sided paralysis and left-sided weakness.

A

True

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41
Q

Whereas most ___ tracts decussate at the level of the brain stem, most ___ tracts decussate in the spinal cord and ascend contralaterally to the brain.

A

motor

sensory

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42
Q

True or false: if injured, the neurons of the brain and spinal cord do not regenerate.

A

True

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43
Q

True or false: if the neck is broken, the spinal cord may be severed. If the spinal cord is severed at the neck region, the trunk and all four extremities are paralyzed. This condition is called quadriplegia.

A

True

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44
Q

True: if the spinal cord injury is lower, involving only the lumbar region of the spinal cord, the person has full use of the upper extremities but is paralyzed from the waist down. Paralysis of the lower extremities is called paraplegia.

A

True

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45
Q

Cross section of the spinal cord: inner grey matter (‘butterfly’) and outer white matter.

A
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46
Q

Name the ascending spinal cord tract: temperature, pressure, pain, and light touch.

A

Spinothalamic

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47
Q

Name the ascending spinal cord tract: touch, deep pressure, and vibration.

A

Dorsal column

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48
Q

Name the acending spinal cord tract: proprioception.

A

Spinocerebellar

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49
Q

Name the descending spinal cord tract: skeletal muscle tone and voluntary muscle movement.

A

Pyramidal (corticospinal) (pa-ram-i-dal) (kort-ico)

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50
Q

Name the descending spinal cord tract: skeletal muscle activity, primarily involuntary reflexes, and movement (balance and posture).

A

Extrapyramidal (pa-ram-i-dal)

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51
Q

An involuntary response to a stimulus.

A

Reflex

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52
Q

The ___ reflexes occur at the level of the spinal cord. If you touch a hot surface, for example, you very quickly remove your hand (___ reflex). Your hand is safely away from the source of injury long before you consciously say, “This is hot. I must remove my hand!”

A

spinal

withdrawal

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53
Q

The nerve pathway involved in a reflex.

A

Reflex arc

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54
Q

The four basic components of the reflex arc include the following:

  1. By tapping the patellar ligament, the mallet stimulates ___ ___ in the anterior thigh muscles (quadriceps femoris).
A

sensory receptors

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55
Q

The four basic components of the reflex arc include the following:

  1. An ___ or ___ ___. The nerve impulse is carried from the receptors along a ___ ___ to the spinal cord.
A

afferent

sensory neuron x2

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56
Q

The four basic components of the reflex arc include the following:

  1. An ___ or ___ ___. The nerve impulse is carried by a ___ ___ to the muscles of the thigh.
A

efferent

motor neuron

motor nerve

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57
Q

The grey matter of the spinal cord most often contains ___ that determine the motor response to the sensory input. This is referred to as the integrating centre. In the simplest reflex arc (knee-jerk reflex), there is a single synapse with no ___ and, therefore, no integrating centre. All other reflexes require two or more ___ and have an integrating centre.

A

interneurons x3

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58
Q

The four basic components of the reflex arc include the following:

  1. An ___ organ. The muscles of the thigh, the quadriceps femoris, are ___ organs for this reflex. In response to the motor nerve impulse, the muscles contract and extend the leg at the knee
A

effector x2

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59
Q

Reflex Arc. The knee-jerk reflex illustrates the components of the reflex arc.

A
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60
Q

Help regulate organ function.

A

Reflexes

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61
Q

Regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.

A

Pupillary reflex

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62
Q

Blood pressure is also under reflex control. When blood pressure changes abruptly, the ___ reflex causes the heart and blood vessels to respond in a way that restores blood pressure to normal.

A

baroreceptor

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63
Q

In addition to performing important physiological functions, some ___ are used diagnostically to assess nerve function.

A

reflexes

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64
Q

Consists of the nerves and ganglia located outside the central nervous system (CNS).

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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65
Q

A single nerve cell.

A

Neuron

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66
Q

Contains many neurons bundled together with blood vessels and then wrapped in connective tissue.

A

Nerve

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67
Q

Located outside the central nervous system (CNS).

A

Nerves

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68
Q

Within the central nervous system (CNS), bundles of nerve axons are called ___.

A

tracts

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69
Q

Nerves are classified as the following:

___ nerves, composed only of ___ neurons

___ nerves, composed only of ___ neurons

___ nerves, containing both sensory and motor neurons

A

Sensory / sensory

Motor / motor

Mixed

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70
Q

True or false: most nerves are mixed and all spinal nerves are mixed.

A

True

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71
Q

The peripheral nervous system can be classified in two ways: ___ (by the anatomy) or ___ (according to what they do).

A

structurally

functionally

72
Q

The structural classification of the peripheral nervous system divides the nerves into ___ and ___ nerves.

A

cranial

spinal

73
Q

The classification is based on the origin of the fibre (where it originates).

A

Structurally

74
Q

Difference Between a Neuron and Nerve. The nerve includes neurons, connective tissue, and blood vessels.

A
75
Q

Exit the brain and generally supply the head, neck, and shoulder areas.

A

Cranial nerves

76
Q

There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves.

A

12

77
Q

True or false: in general, the name of the nerve indicates the specific anatomical area served by the nerve. For example, the optic nerve serves the eye. While the cranial nerves primarily serve the head, face, and neck region, one pair-the vagus-branches extensively and extends throughout the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

A

True

78
Q

True or false: the numbers of the cranial nerves indicate the order in which the nerves exit the brain from front to back.

A

True

79
Q

True or false: ten of the 12 cranial nerves originate in the brain stem.

A

True

80
Q

Cranial nerves perform four general functions that carry different types of information:

Sensory information for the ___ senses: smell, taste, vision, hearing, and balance

Sensory information for the ___ senses: touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception.

Motor information that results in ___ of skeletal muscles

Motor information that results in the ___ of glands and the contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle

A

special

general

contraction

secretion

81
Q

1 in Roman numerals:

A

I

82
Q

2 in Roman numerals:

A

2

83
Q

3 in Roman numerals:

A

III

84
Q

4 in Roman numerals:

A

IV

85
Q

5 in Roman numerals:

A

V

86
Q

6 in Roman numerals:

A

VI

87
Q

7 in Roman numerals:

A

VII

88
Q

8 in Roman numberals:

A

VIII

89
Q

9 in Roman numerals:

A

IX

90
Q

10 in Roman numerals:

A

X

91
Q

11 in Roman numerals:

A

XI

92
Q

12 in Roman numerals:

A

XII

93
Q

I:

A

Olfactory

94
Q

II:

A

Optic

95
Q

III:

A

Ocularmotor

96
Q

IV:

A

Trochlear (tra-clear)

97
Q

VI:

A

Abducens (ab-doo-cens)

98
Q

VII:

A

Facial

99
Q

VIII:

A

Vestibulocochlear (vis-tib-u-loo-co-klee-er)

100
Q

IX:

A

Glossopharyngeal (glosso-for-in-gee-uhl)

101
Q

X:

A

Vagus

102
Q

XI:

A

Accessory

103
Q

XII:

A

Hypoglosso (hypo-gloss-uhl)

104
Q

A sensory nerve that carries information from the nose to the olfactory areas of the temporal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum.

A

CN I, olfactory nerve

105
Q

Concerned with the sense of smell. A person who damages this nerve may lose the sense of smell (anosmia). In addition, the person may complain of loss of taste because the appeal of food is determined by both taste and smell.

A

CN I, olfactory nerve

106
Q

A sensory nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.

A

CN II, optic nerve

107
Q

Damage to this nerve causes diminished vision or blindness in the affected eye.

A

CN II, optic nerve

108
Q

Primarily a motor nerve that causes contraction of most of the extrinsic eye muscles, thereby moving the eyeball in its socket.

A

CN III, oculomotor nerve

109
Q

This nerve raises the eyelid and constricts the pupil of the eye.

A

CN III, oculomotor nerve

110
Q

Located close to the hard tentorium within the cranium and is therefore easily compressed by brain tumors or by increased intracranial pressure.

A

CN III, oculomotor nerve

111
Q

Compression of the ___ nerve interferes with the ability of the pupil of the eye to respond to light (sluggish pupillary response). With more severe compression, the pupils may become dilated and fixed.

A

oculomotor

112
Q

___ of CN III also interferes with raising the eyelid; the person experiences ptosis (TOH-sis) of the eyelid. Observation of the eyes provides excellent clinical clues to neurological status.

A

Compression

113
Q

Primarily a motor nerve that innervates one of the extrinsic muscles of the eyeball, thereby helping move the eyeball.

A

CN IV, trochlear nerve (tra-clear)

114
Q

Damage of this nerve may cause double vision and an inability to rotate the eye properly.

A

CN IV, trochlear nerve (tra-clear)

115
Q

A mixed nerve with three branches supplying the facial region.

A

CN V, trigeminal nerve (tri-gem-in-al)

116
Q

CN V, trigeminal nerve. A mixed nerve with three branches supplying the facial region. The ___ branches carry information from the face, scalp, eye, and teeth to the brain. One of the ___ branches, the ophthalmic branch, detects ___ information from the cornea. For example, if you touch the surface of the cornea, the ophthalmic branch is stimulated and sends information to the brain. In response to the corneal irritation, ___ fibres of the facial nerve (CN VII) respond by eliciting blinking and the secretion of tears. Thus, both the trigeminal and facial nerves help to relieve the irritation. The ___ branch of the trigeminal nerve innervates the muscles of mastication (chewing). Nerve damage causes a loss of sensation and impaired movement of the mandible (lower jaw).

A

sensory x3

motor X2

117
Q

Primarily a motor nerve that, like the trochlear, controls eye movement by innervating only one of the extrinsic eye muscles.

A

CN VI, abducens nerve (ab-doo-cens)

118
Q

Damage to this nerve prevents a lateral rotation of the eye; at rest, the eye drifts medially (toward the nose).

A

CN VI, abducens nerve (ab-doo-cens)

119
Q

A mixed nerve that performs mostly motor functions. It is called the nerve of facial expression and allows you to smile, frown, and “make other faces.”

A

CN VII, facial nerve

120
Q

This nerve stimulates the secretion of saliva and tears.

A

CN VII, facial nerve

121
Q

Innervates the orbicularis oculi, the muscle involved in blinking. Blinking not only protects the eye from foreign objects, such as dust, but also washes tears over the cornea, thereby keeping the cornea moist and preventing corneal ulceration.

A

CN VII, facial nerve

122
Q

The sensory function of this nerve is taste.

A

CN VII, facial nerve

123
Q

True or false: Bell palsy is a condition where the facial nerve is damaged and facial expression is absent on the affected side of the face. In addition, salivation and the secretion of tears are diminished, thereby requiring the use of moistening eyedrops to protect the cornea. Fortunately, Bell palsy most often responds well to steroid therapy.

A

True

124
Q

Cranial Nerves. Cranial nerves (12 pairs) are known by their numbers (Roman numerals) and names.

A
125
Q

Cranial nerve function.

A
126
Q

A sensory nerve that carries information for hearing and balance from the inner ear to the brain.

A

CN VIII, vestibulocochlear nerve (vis-tib-u-low-co-klee-er)

127
Q

The ___ branch of this nerve is responsible for equilibrium, or balance, and the ___ branch is responsible for hearing.

A

vestibular (vis-tib-u-lar)

cochlear (co-klee-er)

128
Q

Damage to this nerve may cause loss of hearing or balance or both.

A

CN VIII, vestibulocochlear nerve (vis-tib-u-low-co-klee-er)

129
Q

A mixed nerve that carries taste sensation from the posterior tongue to the brain.

A

CN IX, glossopharyngeal nerve (glosso-for-in-gee-uhl)

130
Q

___ fibres stimulate the secretion of salivary glands in the mouth. Other ___ fibre innervate the throat and aid in swallowing.

A

Motor

motor

131
Q

This nerve is associated with the gag reflex.

A

CN IX, glossopharyngeal nerve (glosso-for-in-gee-uhl)

132
Q

Plays an important role in preventing food and water from entering the respiratory passages.

A

Gag reflux

133
Q

A second sensory function of this nerve involves the regulation of blood pressure via the baroreceptor reflex.

A

CN IX, glossopharyngeal nerve (glosso-for-in-gee-uhl)

134
Q

A mixed nerve that innervates the tongue, pharynx (throat), larynx (voicebox), and many organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities (lungs, stomach, intestines).

A

CN X, vagus nerve

135
Q

Damage to this nerve causes hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing, and diminished motility of the digestive tract.

A

CN X, vagus nerve

136
Q

True or false: damage to both vagus nerves can be fatal. The word vagus literally means ‘wanderer’; the name refers to the far-reaching distribution of this nerve.

A

True

137
Q

The ___ fibres of the vagus nerve also participate in the regulation of blood pressure via the baroreceptor reflex.

A

sensory

138
Q

Primarily a motor nerve that supplies the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles, thereby controlling movement of the head and shoulder regions.

A

CN XI, accessory nerve

139
Q

Damage to this nerve impairs your ability to shrug your shoulders and rotate your head.

A

CN XI, accessory nerve

140
Q

Primarily a motor nerve that controls movement of the tongue, thereby affecting speaking and swallowing activities.

A

CN XII, hypoglossal nerve (hypo-gloss-uhl)

141
Q

Damage to this nerve causes the tongue to deviate toward the injured side.

A

CN XII, hypoglossal nerve (hypo-gloss-uhl)

142
Q

True or false: unlike the other cranial nerves that are confined to the head and shoulder area, the vagus nerve leaves the head and wanders, or makes its way through, the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

A

True

143
Q

Attached to the spinal cord.

A

Spinal nerves

144
Q

Each nerve is attached to the spinal cord by two roots: the ___ root and the ___ root.

A

dorsal

ventral

145
Q

Sensory nerve fibres from the periphery travel to the cord through the ___ root. The cell bodies of the sensory fibres are gathered together in the ___ root ___.

A

dorsal x2

ganglia (gang-glee-a)

146
Q

The ___ root is composed of motor fibres. These motor fibres are distributed to muscles and glands.

A

ventral

147
Q

The ___ (sensory) and ___ (motor) roots are packaged together to form a spinal nerve. (All spinal nerves are ___.)

A

dorsal

ventral

mixed

148
Q

Attachment of the Spinal Nerves to the Spinal Cord. Note the dorsal root ganglia (sensory) and ventral root (motor). All spinal nerves are mixed nerves.

A
149
Q

___ pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord.

A

31

150
Q

True or false: each spinal nerve pair is numbered according to the level of the spinal cord from which it arises.

A

True

151
Q

The 31 pairs of spinal nerves are grouped as follows: ___ pairs of cervical nerves, ___ pairs of thoracic nerves, ___ pairs of lumbar nerves, ___ pairs of sacral nerves, and ___ pair of coccygeal nerves.

A

8

12

5

5

1

152
Q

The ___ and ___ nerves at the bottom of the cord extend the length of the spinal cavity before exiting from the vertebral column. These nerves are called the ___ ___ because they look like a horse’s tail. The nerves exit from the bony vertebral column through tiny holes in the vertebrae called foramina.

A

lumbar

sacral

cauda equina (ca-da) (e-qwhy-na)

153
Q

As the spinal nerves exit from the vertebral column, they divide into many fibres. At various points, most nerve fibres converge, or come together again, into nerve ___ or networks.

A

plexuses (plex-suses)

154
Q

The three major nerve plexuses are the ___ plexus, the ___ plexus, and the ___ plexus.

A

cervical

brachial

lumbosacra

155
Q

Each ___ sorts out the many fibres and sends them to a specific part of the body.

A

plexus (plex-sus)

156
Q

Spinal Nerves: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal.Nerve plexuses: cervical, brachial, and lumbosacral plexuses.

A
157
Q

Cervical plexus: C___ to C___.

A

1

4

158
Q

Fibres from the ___ plexus supply the muscles and skin of the neck.

A

cervical

159
Q

Motor fibres from this plexus also pass into the phrenic nerve.

A

Cervical plexus

160
Q

True or false: the phrenic nerve stimulates the contraction of the diaphragm, the major breathing muscle.

A

True

161
Q

True or false: if the spinal cord is severed below the C5 level, the person is paralyzed but can breathe without ventilator assistance. If the level of injury is higher, at C2, the phrenic nerve is injured, motor impulses to the diaphragm are interrupted, and the person cannot breathe normally. This person generally needs the assistance of a ventilator to breathe.

A

True

162
Q

Brachial plexus: C___ to C__, T___.

A

5

8

1

163
Q

The nerves that emerge from the ___ plexus supply the muscles and skin of the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.

A

brachial

164
Q

The axillary nerve emerges from this plexus and travels through the shoulder into the arm.

A

Brachial plexus

165
Q

True or false: the axillary nerve in the shoulder region is susceptible to damage. For example, a person using crutches should be taught to bear the weight of the body on the hands and not on the armpit or axillary region. The weight of the body can damage the axillary nerve, causing crutch palsy.

A

True

166
Q

The radial and ulnar nerves, which serve the forearm, wrist, and hand, emerge from the ___ plexus.

A

brachial

167
Q

True or false: damage to the radial nerve can cause a wristdrop and injury to the ulnar nerve causes the hand to appear clawlike; the person is unable to spread the fingers apart.

A

True

168
Q

Lumbosacral plexus: T___, L___ to L___, S___ to S___.

A

12

1

5

1

4

169
Q

Gives rise to nerves that supply the muscles and skin of the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, buttocks, and lower extremities.

A

Lumbosacral plexus

170
Q

T =

A

thoracic

171
Q

C =

A

cervical

172
Q

S =

A

sacral

173
Q

L =

A

lumbar

174
Q

The sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in the body, arises from this plexus.

A

Lumbosacral plexus

175
Q

True or false: the sciatic nerve supplies musculature of the thigh, leg, and foot.

A

True

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 (26 decks)

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