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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 > Anatomy of the Heart > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the heart, especially with regard to the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders.

A

Cardiology

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2
Q

The heart sits in the ___ cavity within the lower ___, between the two ___ and behind the ___.

A

thoracic / mediastinum (mee-dee-uh-stai-nuhm) / lungs / sternum

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3
Q

Hollow muscular organ with a primary function to pump and force blood through the blood vessels, providing every cell in the body with vital nutrients and oxygen.

A

Heart

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4
Q

Two-thirds of the heart is located to the ___ of the midline of the sternum and one-third is located to the ___.

A

left / right

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5
Q

The upper flat portion of the heart, called the ___, is located at the level of the ___ ___.

A

base / second rib

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6
Q

The lower, more pointed end of the heart is the ___; it is located at the level of the ___ ___ space.

A

apex / fifth intercostal

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7
Q

The area of the anterior chest wall overlying the heart and great vessels.

A

Precordium (pruh-kor-dee-uhm)

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8
Q

Divides the thoracic cavity is into two compartments.

A

Mediastinum (mee-dee-uh-stai-nuhm)

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9
Q

The heart is made up of ___ layers of tissue.

A

3

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10
Q

The heart’s innermost layer.

A

Endocardium

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11
Q

Lines the valves and is continuous with the blood vessels that enter and leave the heart.

A

Endocardium

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12
Q

Its smooth, shiny surface allows blood to flow over it easily.

A

Endocardium

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13
Q

The middle layer of the heart and the thickest of the three layers.

A

Myocardium

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14
Q

Composed of cardiac muscle, which contracts as it pumps blood through the blood vessels.

A

Myocardium

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15
Q

These are striated and interconnected in a way that encourages the rapid spread of the electrical signal over the myocardium and a well-coordinated and forceful muscle contraction (myosin and actin).

A

Myocardial fibres

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16
Q

The thin outermost layer of the heart.

A

Epicardium

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17
Q

Helps to form the pericardium.

A

Epicardium

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18
Q

A slinglike structure that supports the heart.

A

Pericardium

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19
Q

The pericardium has ___ layers.

A

3

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20
Q

Attaches to the outer, fibrous pericardium (which anchors the heart to its surrounding structures).

A

Parietal pericardium

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21
Q

Pericardial membranes are these types of membranes.

A

Serous

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22
Q

Enables the heart to pump blood.

A

Myocardium

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23
Q

A double pump that beats as one.

A

Heart

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24
Q

Receives unoxygenated blood.

A

The right heart

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25
Q

Large veins that collect blood from all parts of the body.

A

Superior and inferior venae cavae

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26
Q

The right heart is coloured:

A

blue.

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27
Q

The path that the blood follows from the right side of the heart to and through the lungs and back to the left side of the heart.

A

Pulmonary circulation

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28
Q

The function of this is to pump blood through the lungs to pick up oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.

A

Pulmonary circulation

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29
Q

Diffuses from the lungs into the blood for delivery to tissues.

A

Oxygen

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30
Q

Diffuses from the blood into the lungs for excretion.

A

Carbon dioxide

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31
Q

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to all the organs of the body.

A

Left heart

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32
Q

Colored red because it contains oxygenated blood.

A

Left heart

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33
Q

The path that the blood follows from the left heart to all the organs of the body and back to the right heart.

A

Systemic circulation

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34
Q

The larger of the two circulations.

A

Systemic circulation

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35
Q

The heart has ___ chambers.

A

4

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36
Q

The upper chambers of the heart.

A

Atria (ay-tree-uh)

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37
Q

The heart chambers that receive the blood into the heart.

A

Atria (ay-tree-uh)

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38
Q

The lower chambers of the heart.

A

Ventricles

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39
Q

The heart chambers that pump blood out of the heart.

A

Ventricles

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40
Q

The right and left hearts are separated from one another by two ___.

A

septa

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41
Q

Separates the two atria.

A

Interatrial septum

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42
Q

Separates the two ventricles.

A

Interventricular septum

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43
Q

A thin-walled cavity that receives unoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae.

A

Right atrium

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44
Q

Collects blood from the head and upper body region.

A

Superior vena cava

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45
Q

Receives blood from the lower part of the body.

A

Inferior vena cava

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46
Q

Receives unoxygenated blood from the right atrium.

A

Right ventricle

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47
Q

The primary function of this is to pump blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.

A

Right ventricle

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48
Q

A thin-walled cavity that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins.

A

Left atrium

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49
Q

A small ear-shaped sac in the wall of the left atrium.

A

Left atrial appendage

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50
Q

Although its function is unclear, it is a site of thrombus formation in persons with atrial fibrillation and therefore is sometimes clipped off surgically.

A

Left atrial appendage

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51
Q

Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium.

A

Left ventricle

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52
Q

Its primary function is to pump blood into the systemic circulation.

A

Left ventricle

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53
Q

Blood leaves the left ventricle through the ___.

A

aorta

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54
Q

The largest artery of the body.

A

Aorta

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55
Q

The myocardial layer is the thickest in these as the thick muscle is needed to create the force used to pump blood out of the heart.

A

Ventricles

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56
Q

The ventricular myocardium is thicker on the ___ side as a greater amount of force is required to pump blood into the systemic system (aorta).

A

left

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57
Q

The ___ of the myocardium reflects the amount of work it performs.

A

thickness

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58
Q

Large blood vessels attached to the heart.

A

Great vessels

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59
Q

The great vessels (8):

A
  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Inferior vena cava
  3. Pulmonary trunk
  4. Left pulmonary artery
  5. Right pulmonary artery
  6. Left pulmonary veins
  7. Right pulmonary veins
  8. Aorta
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60
Q

The heart has ___ valves.

A

4

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61
Q

The purpose of these is to keep the blood flowing in a forward direction.

A

Valves

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62
Q

At the entrances and exits of the ventricles.

A

Valves

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63
Q

The two valves that are located between the atria and the ventricles.

A

Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

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64
Q

Blood flows from the atria through these to enter the ventricles.

A

AV valves

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65
Q

Look like basketball nets and are entrance valves because they allow blood to enter the ventricles.

A

AV valves

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66
Q

Controls the outflow of blood from the right and left ventricles and are therefore exit valves.

A

Semilunar valves

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67
Q

Located between the atria and the ventricles on each side of the heart.

A

AV valves

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68
Q

These valves has cusps or leaflets so that when the ventricles are relaxed, the cusps hang loosely within the ventricles; in this position, the valves are open and permit the flow of blood from the atria into the ventricles.

A

AV valves

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69
Q

Closes AV valves.

A

Pressure

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70
Q

The heart muscle compresses or squeezes the blood in the ventricles when they ___.

A

contract

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71
Q

Keeps cusps from being pushed completely through the openings into the atria even when pressure is increased in the ventricle during muscle contraction.

A

Chordae tendineae

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72
Q

Attached to papillary muscles in the ventricular walls.

A

Chordae tendinae

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73
Q

As blood pushes the cusps into a closed position, the ___ muscles contract, pulling on the chordae tendineae. The stretched chordae tendineae hold on to the cusps and prevent them from “blowing” through into the atria, like a storm-blown inside-out umbrella.

A

papillary

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74
Q

The right AV valve is called the ___ valve because it has three cusps.

A

tricuspid

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75
Q

The left AV valve is called the ___ valve because it has two cusps. It is also known as the ___ valve because it resembles a bishop’s mitre—a hat with two flaps.

A

bicuspid / mitral

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76
Q

The two semilunar valves (exit valves) are the ___ and ___ valves.

A

pulmonic / aortic

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77
Q

The pulmonic semilunar valve is also called the ___ semilunar valve.

A

right

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78
Q

Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk.

A

Pulmonic valve

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79
Q

This semilunar valve is in a closed position when the right ventricle relaxes.

A

Pulmonic

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80
Q

When the right ventricle relaxes, the ___ valve snaps closed and prevents any blood from returning to the right ventricle from the ___ ___.

A

pulmonic / pulmonary trunk

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81
Q

Located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

A

Aortic valve (left semilunar valve)

82
Q

When the left ventricle relaxes, the ___ valve is in a ___ position.

A

aortic / closed

83
Q

When the left ventricle relaxes, the aortic valve snaps closed and prevents any sort of ___ into the ___.

A

backflow / ventricle

84
Q

How and why do the semilunar valves close?

A

Pressure / relaxation of ventricles

85
Q

The semilunar valves close when the pressure in the pulmonary trunk and the aorta becomes ___ than the pressure in the relaxed ventricles. The blood in these large blood vessels gets behind the cusps of the valves, snapping them ___.

A

greater / closed

86
Q

The closed semilunar valves prevent the ___ flow of blood from the ___ ___ and ___ into the ___.

A

backward / pulmonary trunk / aorta / ventricles

87
Q

Open and close in response to the changing pressures within the heart chambers.

A

Valves

88
Q

The heart sounds (“lubb-dupp, lubb-dupp”) are made by ___ caused be the closure of ___.

A

vibrations / valves

89
Q

Heart sounds change when valves become ___.

A

faulty

90
Q

Abnormal heart sounds are called:

A

murmurs.

91
Q

The heart sounds can be heard through a stethoscope placed over the ___ ___.

A

chest wall

92
Q

The first heart sound (the “lubb”) is called ___.

A

S1

93
Q

Caused by the closure of the AV valves at the beginning of ventricular contraction; it is best heard over the apex of the heart.

A

S1

94
Q

The second heart sound (the “dupp”) is called:

A

S2

95
Q

Caused by the closure of the semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular relaxation.

A

S2

96
Q

Can be heard best at the base of the heart.

A

S2

97
Q

The sound of S1 and S2 is like the sound made by ___ two fingers on a table.

A

drumming

98
Q

Sometimes extra sounds (called ___ and ___) can be heard; they are due to vibrations caused by the rapid flow of blood into the ventricles (sounds like the galloping of a horse).

A

S3 / S4

99
Q

The two AV valves are the tricuspid (___ heart) and the bicuspid or mitral valves (___ heart).

A

right / left

100
Q

The two semilunar valves are the pulmonic (___ heart) and aortic (___ heart).

A

right / left

101
Q

Unoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from these.

A

Superior and inferior venae cavae

102
Q

The blood flows through the triscupid valve into the ___ ___.

A

right ventricle

103
Q

From the right ventricle, the blood flows through the ___ valve into the ___ ___.

A

pulmonic / pulmonary trunk

104
Q

The pulmonary trunk branches into the right and left ___ ___. They then carry unoxygenated blood to the right and left ___ for gas exchange. There the blood releases ___ ___ as waste and picks up a fresh supply of ___.

A

pulmonary arteries / lungs / carbon dioxide / oxygen

105
Q

Note the blue color of the ___ heart structures.

A

right

106
Q

The oxygenated blood flows through four ___ ___ from the lungs into the ___ ___.

A

pulmonary veins / left atrium

107
Q

From the left atrium, the blood flows through the ___ valve into the ___ ___.

A

bicuspid / left ventricle

108
Q

Left ventricular contraction forces blood through the ___ ___ into the ___ for distribution to the ___ circulation.

A

aortic valve / aorta / systemic

109
Q

Pathway of Blood Flow Through the Heart

A
110
Q

Although blood constantly flows through the chambers of the heart, this blood does not nourish the ___.

A

myocardium.

111
Q

The blood supply that nourishes and oxygenates the myocardium is provided by these.

A

Coronary arteries

112
Q

The arteries supplying the myocardium are called coronary arteries because they resemble a ___ encircling the heart.

A

crown

113
Q

Arise from the base of the ascending aorta, just distal to the aortic semilunar valve.

A

Coronary arteries

114
Q

The two main coronary arteries are the ___ and ___ coronary arteries.

A

left / right

115
Q

Nourishes the right side of the heart, especially the right ventricle.

A

Right coronary artery

116
Q

These arteries carry blood to the left side of the heart, especially the left ventricular wall and interventricular septum.

A

Left coronary artery

117
Q

Collects the blood that nourishes the myocardium.

A

Coronary veins

118
Q

Coronary blood flow has ___ important characteristics.

A

3

119
Q

Allows blood to flow around an artery that is blocked.

A

Anastomosis

120
Q

Multiple connections between the coronary arteries.

A

Anastomoses

121
Q

Additional collateral blood vessels develop in response to chronic diminished coronary blood flow, as often occurs with aging and chronic coronary artery disease. For this reason, older persons often experience less myocardial damage from a heart attack than younger persons.

A

Anastomosis

122
Q

Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, where it is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation (___ circulation).

A

pulmonary

123
Q

Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium and then to the left ventricle, where it is pumped into the aorta and ___ circulation.

A

systemic

124
Q

The myocardium (pump) is nourished by the left and right ___ ___.

A

coronary arteries

125
Q

___ blood flow must be maintained if the heart is to function normally.

A

Coronary

126
Q

Coronary blood flow is greatest during ___ relaxation.

A

ventricular

127
Q

___ of the coronary arteries is a major cause of disability and death.

A

Occlusion

128
Q

The blockage or closing of a blood vessel or hollow organ.

A

Occlusion

129
Q

Double Pump and Two Circulations.

A
130
Q

Chambers of the Heart and the Great Vessels.

A
131
Q

Initiates an electrical signal and then moves that signal along a special pathway through the heart.

A

Conduction system

132
Q

Provides the stimulus (cardiac impulse) for muscle contraction.

A

Conduction system

133
Q

Coordinates the pumping activity of the atria and ventricles.

A

Conduction system

134
Q

First, both ___ must contract, forcing blood into the relaxed ventricles. Then, the ___ contract, forcing blood out of the heart. The ___ ___ system gets this going and keeps it organized.

A

atria / ventricles / cardiac conduction

135
Q

The conduction system is located within the ___ and ___ of the heart.

A

walls / septa

136
Q

The conduction system consists of the following structures: the __ node, the atrial conducting ___, the __ node, and the ___ system.

A

SA / fibres / AV / His-Purkinje

137
Q

Conduction System of the Heart.

A
138
Q

Located in the upper posterior wall of the right atrium. An electrical signal originates within this and is called the ___ ___.

A

SA node / cardiac impulse

139
Q

Fires a cardiac impulse 60 to 100 times per minute (average, 72 times per minute).

A

SA node

140
Q

The firing of this sets the rate at which the heart beats or contracts and relaxes, and is, therefore, called the pacemaker of the heart.

A

SA node

141
Q

The heart rate is set by this pacemaker, just as the speed of a race is set by the pace car. If the electrical signal originates outside of this, it is referred to as ectopic.

A

SA node

142
Q

The cardiac impulse spreads from the SA node through both atria along this and also spreads to the AV node.

A

Atrial conducting fibres

143
Q

Located in the floor of the right atrium, near the interatrial septum.

A

AV node

144
Q

Acts as a path for the cardiac impulse to travel from the atrial conducting fibers into the ventricular bundle of His.

A

AV node

145
Q

Slows the cardiac impulse as it moves through the AV node into the bundle of His.

A

AV Node

146
Q

The slowing of the ___ ___ by the AV node is important because it delays ventricular activation and gives the relaxed ventricle time to fill with blood during atrial contraction.

A

cardiac impulse

147
Q

Specialized conduction tissue located in the interventricular septum.

A

Bundle of His.

148
Q

Divides into two branches: the right and left bundle branches.

A

Bundle of His

149
Q

These branches send out numerous long fibres called Purkinje fibres.

A

Left and right bundle branches

150
Q

Distributed throughout the ventricular myocardium. They conduct the cardiac impulse very rapidly throughout the ventricles, thereby ensuring a coordinated contraction of both ventricles.

A

Purkinje fibres

151
Q

Pathway Followed by a Cardiac Impulse.

A
152
Q

Refers to the ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to generate their own electrical signal with no help from extrinsic nerves coming from the central nervous system (the signal arises automatically).

A

Automaticity

153
Q

Because cardiac tissue fires a cardiac impulse regularly, the heart is said to have ___. Feel the ___ of your heart rate at your radial (wrist) pulse.

A

rhythmicity x2

154
Q

Not all pacemaker cells in the heart fire at the same rate. The ___ node is the pacemaker of the heart; it sets the heart rate between 60 and 100 beats/min. There are many other pacemaker cells within the heart, but they fire at a ___ rate. For example, when the ___ fails to function as a pacemaker, the ___ node takes over and fires at a slower rate of 40 to 60 beats/min. Sometimes the ___ assume the pacemaker role and fire at a much slower rate of 30 to 40 beats/min. Impaired pacemaker activity is common and often requires the insertion of an artificial pacemaker.

A

SA / slower / SA / AV / ventricles

155
Q

The cardiac impulse that stimulates muscle contraction is an ___ ___.

A

electrical signal

156
Q

The entire electrical activity of the heart is measured by placing electrodes on the surface of the chest and attaching the electrodes to a recording device. The record of these electrical signals is called an ___.

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)

157
Q

The components of the ECG include a ___ ___, a ___ ___, and a ___ ___.

A

P wave / QRS complex / T wave

158
Q

Reflects the electrical activity associated with atrial depolarization.

A

P wave

159
Q

Reflects the electrical activity associated with ventricular depolarization.

A

QRS complex

160
Q

Precedes and triggers contraction of the heart muscle.

A

Depolarization

161
Q

Reflects the electrical activity associated with ventricular repolarization.

A

T wave

162
Q

Represents the time it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the atria (P wave) to the ventricles (QRS complex).

A

P-R interval

163
Q

Other measurements include the width of the QRS complex and the length of the ___ interval.

A

S-T

164
Q

Means that the ECG appears normal and that the impulse originates in the SA node.

A

Normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

165
Q

Heart muscle contracts in response to an electrical signal called the ___ ___, which spreads throughout the heart, coordinating cardiac muscle ___.

A

cardiac impulse / contraction

166
Q

The cardiac impulse normally arises within the ___ ___ and spreads throughout both ___ over specialized conduction tissue.

A

SA node / atria

167
Q

The cardiac impulse then enters the AV node, where it is momentarily delayed before entering the ___ ___ in the ___.

A

His-Purkinje system / ventricles

168
Q

Cardiac conduction tissue displays ___ and ___. The electrical events are recorded as the ECG.

A

automaticity / rhythmicity

169
Q

Electrocardiogram.

A
170
Q

A space that contains the heart, thymus gland, and parts of the esophagus, trachea, and large blood vessels attached to the heart.

A

Mediastinum (mee-dee-uh-stai-nuhm)

171
Q

The cavity located within the mediastinum and contains the heart.

A

Pericardial cavity

172
Q

The right and left lungs are located on either side of the mediastinum in these.

A

Pleural cavities

173
Q

Attaches the heart to surrounding structures, such as the diaphragm and the large blood vessel (attached to the heart).

A

Pericardium

174
Q

The innermost layer of the pericardium (closest to the heart).

A

Endocardium

175
Q

Also called the visceral pericardium.

A

Epicardium

176
Q

The epicardium folds back and becomes this.

A

Partial pericardium

177
Q

The space between the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium.

A

Pericardial cavity

178
Q

The small amount of slippery fluid that is secreted into the pericardial cavity.

A

serous

179
Q

The small amount of slippery fluid that is secreted into the pericardial cavity.

A

Serous

180
Q

The pericardial fluid lubricates the surfaces of the membranes and allows them to slide past one another with little ___ or rubbing.

A

friction

181
Q

The two veins that the right heart receives unoxygenated blood from.

A

1) Superior vena cava

2) Inferior vena cava

182
Q

Pumps blood to the lungs where the blood is oxygenated.

A

Right heart

183
Q

The heart’s chambers include 2 ___ and 2 ___.

A

atria (ay-tree-uh) / ventricles

184
Q

The AV valves close when ___ fills the ventricle and pushes the cusps upward towards the atria.

A

blood

185
Q

Prevents the backward flow of blood from the ventricles to the atria when it is closed.

A

AV valves

186
Q

AV valve cusps are attached to the ventricular wall by tough fibrous bands of tissue called:

A

Chordae tendinae

187
Q

The pulmonic valve is forced open when the ____ ventricle ____, increasing intraventicular pressure.

A

right / contracts

188
Q

Blood flows into this from right ventricle.

A

Pulmonary truck

189
Q

The large vessel that carries the blood from the right ventricle to the right and left pulmonary arteries and lungs.

A

Pulmonary trunk

190
Q

When the left ventricle contracts, thus increasing intraventricular pressure, blood from the ventricles forces the ___ valve ____ and blood flows into the aorta.

A

aortic / open

191
Q

Branches into the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and the circumflex artery.

A

Left coronary arteries

192
Q

They then carry the blood to the coronary sinus, which empties the blood into the right atrium.

A

Coronary veins

193
Q

Supplies blood to the parts of the electrical conduction system, including the sinoatrial (SA) node and the AV node.

A

Right coronary artery

194
Q

1) Coronary blood flow can ___.
2) Coronary blood flow is greatest during myocardial ___.
3) Coronary arteries can form ___ or multiple connections between the arteries.

A

increase

relaxation

anastomoses

195
Q

Contraction of the ____ externally compresses the coronary arteries (cutting off blood flow).

A

myocardium

196
Q

If the the heart needs more oxygen, the coronary arteries ___ and blood flow increases.

A

dilate

197
Q

The heart wall.

A

Pericardium

198
Q

True or false: approximately 10-30 mL of pericardial fluid lubricates the pericardial membranes.

A

True

199
Q

If cardiac muscle is deprived of oxygen and nutrients because of a blocked coronary artery, a myocardial infarction may result. Indicate if this statement is true or false.

A

True

200
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 (26 decks)

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