Respiratory System Flashcards
This body system delivers oxygen-rich air into the body and excretes carbon dioxide–rich air from the body.
Respiratory system
This body system filters and humidifies inhaled air.
Respiratory system
This body system regulates acid-base balance.
Respiratory system
This body system produces and modulates various sounds, including the voice.
Respiratory system
This system houses the olfactory (smell) chemoreceptors.
Respiratory system
Contains the respiratory organs located outside the chest cavity: the nose and nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea.
Upper respiratory tract
Consists of organs located in the chest cavity: the lower trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
Lower respiratory tract
The lower parts of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli are located in the ___.
lungs
The ___ membranes and the muscles that form the chest cavity are also part of the lower respiratory tract.
pleural
Tiny air sacs located at the distal ends of the respiratory passages.
Alveoli
Concerned with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide—the respiratory gases—between the air and the blood across the walls of the pulmonary capillaries.
Alveoli
Internal portion of the nose.
Nasal cavities
The nasal cavities are separated into right and left halves by a partition called the ___ ___, which is made of bone and ___.
nasal septum / cartilage
Air enters the nasal cavities through two openings called the ___ or ___.
nostrils / nares
Filters large particles of dust that might otherwise be inhaled.
Nasal hairs
Contains the receptor cells for the sense of smell.
Nasal cavities
The ___ receptors cover the mucous membrane of the upper parts of the nasal cavity and a part of the nasal septum.
olfactory
Three bony projections that appear on the lateral walls of the nasal cavities.
Nasal conchae (kon-kay)
Increases the surface area of the nasal cavities and supports the ciliated mucous membranes that line the nasal cavities.
Nasal conchae (konck-key)
These mucous membranes contain many blood vessels and mucus-secreting cells.
Ciliated mucous membranes
The rich supply of blood ___ and ___ the air, and the sticky mucus ___ dust, pollen, and other small particles, thereby ___ the air as it is inhaled.
warms / moistens / traps / cleansing
The nasal cavities contain several drainage openings. Mucus from the ___ ___ drains into the nasal cavities. The ___ ___ include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses. Tears from the nasolacrimal ducts also drain into the nasal cavities (cry and your nose runs).
paranasal sinuses x2
Located behind the oral cavity and between the nasal cavities and the larynx.
Pharynx
The pharynx includes three parts: the ___ (upper section), ___ (middle section), and ___ (lower section).
nasopharynx / oropharynx / laryngopharynx
The ___ and ___ are part of both the digestive and respiratory systems; they function as passageways for both food and air.
oropharynx / laryngopharynx
The pharynx sends food toward the ___.
Esophagus
The tube that sends food toward the stomach.
Esophagus
Conducts air to the larynx as it moves toward the lungs.
Pharynx
The pharynx contains two other structures: the openings from the ___ ___ (auditory tubes) and the ___.
eustachian (you-stay-key-en) tubes / tonsils
The ___ ___ connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear.
eustachian (you-stay-kee-en) tube
The throat.
Pharynx
Voice box.
Larynx
Located between the pharynx and trachea.
Larynx
Triangular structure made primarily of cartilage, muscles, and ligaments.
Larynx
Acts as a passageway for air during breathing, it produces sound (your voice), and prevents food and other foreign objects from entering the distal respiratory structures.
Larynx
The largest of the cartilaginous structures in the larynx is the:
thyroid cartilage.
A tough hyaline cartilage and that protrudes in the front of the neck.
Thyroid cartilage
Adam’s Apple.
Thyroid cartilage
A cartilaginous structure located at the top of the larynx.
Epiglottis (ep-i-glot-iss)
Covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs.
Epiglottis
Acts as a flap.
Epiglottis
Folds of tissue composed of muscle and elastic ligaments and covered by mucous membrane.
Vocal cords
The space or opening between the vocal cords.
Glottis
The two types of vocal cords are the ___ and ___ vocal cords.
false / true
Vocal cords that do not produce sound.
False vocal cords
Muscles in this structure help to close the airway during swallowing.
False vocal cord
Air flowing from the lungs through the ___ during exhalation causes the true vocal cords to vibrate, thereby producing sound.
glottis
When you breathe in air, the ___ opens, and air moves through the ___ into tubes that carry it to the lungs.
glottis x2
When you swallow food, however, the ___ covers the glottis, thereby preventing food from entering the lower respiratory passages.
epiglottis
The food enters the ___, the tube that empties into the stomach.
esophagus
Entrance of food or water into the lungs.
Aspiration
Windpipe.
Trachea
Extends from the larynx downward into the thoracic cavity, where it splits into the right and left bronchi (sing., bronchus).
Trachea
The trachea splits, or bifurcates, at a point called the ___ at the manubriosternal junction (where the manubrium of the sternum meets the sternal body).
carina (kah-rye-nah)
Conducts air to and from the lungs.
Trachea
Touching it during suctioning causes vigorous coughing (senestive).
Carnia
Lies in front of the esophagus.
Trachea
___-shaped rings of ___ partially surround the ___ for its entire length and serve to keep it open.
C / cartilage / trachea
The rings are open on the ___ side of the trachea so that the esophagus can bulge ___ as food moves along the esophagus to the stomach.
back / forward
The bronchi, the bronchioles, and the alveoli, mostly in the lungs.
Bronchial tree
Formed as the lower part of the trachea divides into two tubes.
Right and left primary bronchi
The primary bronchi enters the lungs at a region called:
the hilus.
The primary bronchi branch into ___ bronchi, which branch into smaller
___ bronchi.
secondary / tertiary
Because the heart lies toward the left side of the chest, the left ___ is ___ and positioned more ___ than the right bronchus.
bronchus / narrower / horizontally
The right bronchus is ___ and ___ than the left bronchus and extends downward in a more ___ direction.
shorter / wider / vertical
Because of the differences in the size and positioning of the bronchi, food particles and small objects are more easily inhaled, or aspirated, into the ___ bronchus.
right
The upper segments of the bronchi have ___-shaped ___ rings, which help keep the bronchi ___. As the bronchi extend into the lungs, however, the amount of ___ decreases and finally disappears. The finer and more distal branches of the bronchi contain no ___.
C / cartilaginous / open / cartilage x2
The bronchi divide repeatedly into smaller tubes called:
bronchioles (bron-kee-ohls).
The walls of the bronchioles contain ___ ___ and no cartilage.
smooth muscle
Regulate the flow of air to the alveoli.
Bronchioles
Bronchiolar opening.
Bronchiolar lumen
The bronchioles continue to divide and give rise to many tubes called:
alveolar ducts.
Alveolar ducts end in very small, grape-like structures called:
alveoli.
Surrounds each alveolus.
Pulmonary capillary
Function to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar–pulmonary capillary membrane.
Alveoli
Oxygen diffuses from the ___ into the ___; carbon dioxide diffuses from the ___ into the ___.
alveoli / blood x2 / alveoli
Patients who experience chronic hypoxemia, such as those with impaired lung and heart function, often develop ___ of the fingers and toes.
clubbing
