Blood

Question 1

Blood ___ many substances around the body.

Answer 1

transports

Question 2

Blood also picks up ___ material from the cells and delivers the ___ to organs that ___ it from the body.

Answer 2

waste / waste / eliminate (excrete)

Question 3

Blood delivers these two substances to every cell in the body.

Answer 3

Oxygen and nutrients

Question 4

Nutrients, ions, hormones, and many other substances use blood as the ___ for movement throughout the body.

Answer 4

vehicle

Question 5

Participates in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, acid–base balance, and body temperature.

Answer 5

blood

Question 6

Helps protect the body from infection.

Answer 6

Blood

Question 7

Blood also contains ___ factors, which help protect the body from excessive blood loss.

Answer 7

clotting

Question 8

Refers to the thickness of the blood and affects the ease with which blood flows through the blood vessels.

Answer 8

Viscosity

Question 9

A pale-yellow fluid composed mostly of water; it also contains proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, and waste.

Answer 9

Plasma

Question 10

The plasma protein.

Answer 10

Albumin

Question 11

Plasma ___ help regulate fluid volume, protect the body from pathogens, and prevent excessive blood loss in the event of injury.

Answer 11

proteins

Question 12

Plasma minus the clotting proteins:

Answer 12

serum.

Question 13

Also called erythrocytes.

Answer 13

Red blood cells

Question 14

Primarily involved in the transport of O2 to all body tissues.

Answer 14

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Question 15

Also called leukocytes.

Answer 15

White blood cells

Question 16

Protects the body from infection.

Answer 16

White blood cells (leukocytes)

Question 17

Also called thrombocytes.

Answer 17

Platelets

Question 18

Protects the body from bleeding.

Answer 18

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 19

Blood is composed of two parts:

Answer 19

the plasma and the formed elements (blood cells and cell fragments).

Question 20

The process of blood cell formation:

Answer 20

hemopoiesis.

Question 21

The two types of hemopoietic tissue in the adult:

Answer 21

1) Red bone marrow

2) Lymphatic tissue

Question 22

The three types of blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) are made in:

Answer 22

hemopoietic tissue.

Question 23

Blood formation in the red bone marrow:

Answer 23

myeloid hemopoiesis.

Question 24

Blood formation in the lymphatic tissue:

Answer 24

lymphoid hemopoiesis.

Question 25

Found primarily in the ends of long bones, such as the femur, and in flat and irregular bones, such as the sternum, cranial bones, vertebrae, and bones of the pelvis:

Answer 25

red bone marrow.

Question 26

Red bone marrow produces three different types of blood cells from the same cell called a:

Answer 26

stem cell.

Question 27

Under the influence of specific growth factors, the ___ ___ differentiates into a RBC, a WBC, or a platelet.

Answer 27

stem cell

Question 28

The most numerous of blood cells:

Answer 28

red blood cells.

Question 29

The production of RBCs is called:

Answer 29

erythropoiesis (eh-rith-roh-poy-ee-sis).

Question 30

RBCs are primarily concerned with the transport of:

Answer 30

O2 and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Question 31

The stem cell within the red bone marrow differentiates into a ___ and eventually into a mature ___.

Answer 31

proerythroblast / erythrocyte

Question 32

The immature red blood cell:

Answer 32

reticulocyte (reh-tik-yoo-loh-syte).

Question 33

Reticulocytes can develop into mature red blood cells within ___ hours of release into the blood.

Answer 33

48

Question 34

A ___ reticulocyte count may indicate blood loss or an iron-deficient state.

Answer 34

high

Question 35

A loss of blood stimulates the bone marrow to make more of these.

Answer 35

Red blood cells

Question 36

The number of reticulocytes in blood is normally very ___.

Answer 36

low

Question 37

A low reticulocyte count might indicate that the patient’s bone marrow is unable to make red blood cells as in:

Answer 37

myelosuppression.

Question 38

In size, red blood cells are ___.

Answer 38

large

Question 39

Red blood cells stay in the ___ ___.

Answer 39

blood vessels

Question 40

The red blood cells can bend and ___ their way through tiny blood vessels called:

Answer 40

squeeze / capillaries.

Question 41

Decreased oxygenation and cell death occur in a condition known as:

Answer 41

sickle cell disease.

Question 42

In sickle cell disease, rather than bending, the red blood cells assume a ___ shape and block ___ ___ through the tiny blood vessels.

Answer 42

C / blood flow

Question 43

Refers to unequal-sized red blood cells:

Answer 43

anisocytosis (ahn-iss-oh-syte-oh-sis).

Question 44

Refers to irregularly shaped red blood cells:

Answer 44

poikilocytosis (poy-kee-loh-syte-oh-sis).

Question 45

In iron deficiency anemia, the red blood cells are ___ than normal.

Answer 45

smaller

Question 46

When red blood cells are smaller than normal:

Answer 46

microcytic.

Question 47

In vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, the red blood cell is ___ than normal.

Answer 47

larger

Question 48

When red blood cells are larger than normal:

Answer 48

macrocytic.

Question 49

When red blood cells are pale:

Answer 49

hypochromic.

Question 50

When red blood cells are normal in colour:

Answer 50

normochromic.

Question 51

When red blood cells are a deeper red:

Answer 51

hyperchromic.

Question 52

RBCs are filled with a large protein molecule called:

Answer 52

hemoglobin.

Question 53

Globin is a ___.

Answer 53

protein

Question 54

Heme is a substance that contains:

Answer 54

iron.

Question 55

Responsible for RBC function:

Answer 55

hemoglobin.

Question 56

Oxygenated hemoglobin:

Answer 56

oxyhemoglobin.

Question 57

As the RBCs circulate through the blood vessels in the lungs, O2 attaches loosely to the ___ atom in the ___.

Answer 57

iron / heme

Question 58

As the blood flows to the various tissues in the body, the ___ detaches from the ___.

Answer 58

oxygen / hemoglobin

Question 59

The globin portion of hemoglobin also plays a role in:

Answer 59

gas transport.

Question 60

The CO2-hemoglobin complex is called:

Answer 60

carbaminohemoglobin (kahr-bam-ih-no-hee-moh-gloh-bin).

Question 61

Transports some of the carbon dioxide (CO2) from its site of production in the metabolizing cells to the lungs, where it is excreted:

Answer 61

globin.

Question 62

Hemoglobin carries both O2 and CO2 but at different ___.

Answer 62

sites

Question 63

A deficiency of O2 in the blood:

Answer 63

hypoxemia.

Question 64

A diet deficient in iron can result in inadequate hemoglobin synthesis and a condition called:

Answer 64

iron deficiency anemia.

Question 65

When the O2 in the body tissues decreases, the kidneys sense the need for additional O2 and secrete a hormone called:

Answer 65

erythropoietin (eh-rith-roh-poy-eh-tin).

Question 66

A hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce additional RBCs:

Answer 66

erythropoietin (EPO).

Question 67

A person with chronic lung disease (and, as a result, insufficient oxygen levels) has a ___ red blood cell count.

Answer 67

higher

Question 68

Patients with declining kidney function that do not produce enough EPO have:

Answer 68

anemia of chronic renal (kidney) failure.

Question 69

The life span of a red blood cell is about:

Answer 69

120 days.

Question 70

Because the mature RBC has no ___, it cannot reproduce and must be replaced as it wears out.

Answer 70

nucleus

Question 71

Worn out red blood cells are detected by:

Answer 71

macrophages.

Question 72

Lines the spleen and liver:

Answer 72

macrophages.

Question 73

Macrophages, or “big eaters,” remove the RBCs from the circulation and ___ them.

Answer 73

phagocytose

Question 74

Excessive RBC breakdown:

Answer 74

hemolysis.

Question 75

As the old, worn-out RBC is dismantled, its components are recycled or excreted. The hemoglobin is broken down into ___ and ___.

Answer 75

heme / globin

Question 76

When being recycled, the ___ from the red blood cells is broken down into various ___ ___ that are later used in the synthesis of other proteins.

Answer 76

globin / amino acids

Question 77

When being recycled, ___ from red blood cells is further broken down into ___ and ___ pigments.

Answer 77

iron / bile x2

Question 78

When red blood cells are being recycled, the ___ is stored in the ___ until it is needed by the bone marrow for the synthesis of new hemoglobin.

Answer 78

iron / liver

Question 79

When red blood cells are being recycled, the ___ removes ___ pigments, especially ___, from the blood and excretes them into the bile. Bile eventually flows into the intestines and is excreted from the body in the feces.

Answer 79

liver / bile / bilirubin

Question 80

Excess bilirubin in the blood:

Answer 80

hyperbilirubinemia.

Question 81

Excessive blood cell destruction:

Answer 81

hemolysis.

Question 82

Causes skin to appear yellow or jaundiced:

Answer 82

hyperbilirubinemia (hai·pr·bi·luh·roo·buh·nee·mee·uh).

Question 83

WBCs, or leukocytes, are large round cells that contain:

Answer 83

nuclei.

Question 84

Function primarily to protect the body by destroying pathogens and removing dead tissue and other cellular debris by phagocytosis:

Answer 84

WBCs.

Question 85

Increase in the number of WBCs:

Answer 85

leukocytosis (loo-koh-syte-OH-sis).

Question 86

True of false: WBCs lack hemoglobin and are less numerous than RBCs.

Answer 86

True

Question 87

When an infection is present in the body, the number of WBCs generally ___.

Answer 87

increase

Question 88

A decrease in the numbers of WBCs:

Answer 88

leukopenia.

Question 89

WBCs spend less than 12 hours in the blood; they leave the blood vessels and migrate to ___ ___ or to the site of an ___ or ___, where they work and live out their lives.

Answer 89

connective tissue / infection / inflammation

Question 90

WBC production:

Answer 90

leukopoiesis (loo-koh-poy-ee-sis).

Question 91

WBCs that contain granules:

Answer 91

granulocytes.

Question 92

WBCs do not have granules in their cytoplasm and are called:

Answer 92

agranulocytes.

Question 93

Produced in the red bone marrow and are further classified according to their staining characteristics.

Answer 93

granulocytes.

Question 94

WBCs are classified according to ___ in their ___.

Answer 94

granules / cytoplasm

Question 95

The most common granulocyte:

Answer 95

neutrophil (noo-troh-fil).

Question 96

The neutrophil’s most important role is ___ and the release of antimicrobial chemicals.

Answer 96

phagocytosis

Question 97

These cells quickly move to the site of infection, where they phagocytose pathogens and remove tissue debris:

Answer 97

neutrophils.

Question 98

The battle between the neutrophils and pathogens at the site of infection creates ___ —a collection of dead neutrophils, parts of cells, and fluid.

Answer 98

pus

Question 99

Due to the many-shaped nucleus, neutrophils are called:

Answer 99

polymorphs or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs).

Question 100

Sometimes, the body can wall off the collection of pus from the surrounding tissue, forming an ___. ___ formation is one way that the body can prevent the spread of infection.

Answer 100

abscess x2

Question 101

The neutrophil is a ___ cell containing a ___ that can have many shapes and different sizes.

Answer 101

round / nucleus

Question 102

Mature neutrophils:

Answer 102

segs.

Question 103

Band cells, staff cells, and stab cells:

Answer 103

immature neutrophils

Question 104

Plays a role in the inflammatory response, primarily through its release of histamine:

Answer 104

basophils (bay-so-fils).

Question 105

Releases heparin, an anticoagulant (blood clotting medicine):

Answer 105

Basophils (bay-so-fils).

Question 106

Ends in ‘phils’:

Answer 106

granulocytic WBCs.

Question 107

Ends in ‘cytes’:

Answer 107

agranulocytic WBCs.

Question 108

Facilitates the movement of WBCs throughout the injured tissue:

Answer 108

basophils (bay-so-fils).

Question 109

Found in abundance in areas with large amounts of blood, such as the lungs and liver:

Answer 109

basophils (bay-so-fils).

Question 110

Involved in the inflammatory response, secretes chemicals that weaken and destroy large parasites (i.e., tapeworm, hookworm), engage in phagocytosis, and become elevated in persons with allergies:

Answer 110

eosinophils (ee-oh-sin-oh-fil).

Question 111

Produced in the red bone marrow; some migrate to and then mature and reproduce in the lymphatic tissue (lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lymphatic nodules):

Answer 111

lymphocytes.

Question 112

Constitute 25% to 38% of the WBCs and performs an important role in the body’s immune response:

Answer 112

lymphocytes.

Question 113

Very efficient phagocytes:

Answer 113

macrophages.

Question 114

Leaves the blood for tissues, where they differentiate into large cells, called macrophages:

Answer 114

monocytes.

Question 115

Chops up the engulfed foreign particle and pushes a piece of the foreign particle onto its surface:

Answer 115

macrophages.

Question 116

The process of the macrophage chopping up the engulfed foreign particle and pushing a piece of the foreign particle onto its surface:

Answer 116

antigen presentation.

Question 117

Tiny cell fragments of the larger megakaryocytes:

Answer 117

platelets.

Question 118

Production of the platelet:

Answer 118

thrombopoiesis (throm-boh-poy-ee-sis).

Question 119

Prevents blood loss.

Answer 119

Platelets

Question 120

Deficiency of platelets:

Answer 120

thrombocytopenia.

Question 121

Characterized by petechiae—little pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin—and potentially lethal bleeding episodes.

Answer 121

Thrombocytopenia

Question 122

Prevention of lost blood:

Answer 122

hemostasis - which literally means that the blood (hemo) stands still (stasis).

Question 123

Involves three events: blood vessel spasm, the formation of a platelet plug, and blood clotting.

Answer 123

Hemostasis

Question 124

When a blood vessel is injured, the smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall responds by contracting in a process called:

Answer 124

vascular spasm.

Question 125

This causes the diameter of the blood vessel to decrease, thereby decreasing the amount of blood that flows through the vessel.

Answer 125

Vascular spasm

Question 126

This forms when a blood vessel is torn, the inner lining of the vessel activates the platelets where the platelets become sticky and adheres to the inner lining of the injured vessel and to each other.

Answer 126

Platelet plug

Question 127

Diminishes bleeding at the injured site.

Answer 127

Platelet plug

Question 128

Blood clotting:

Answer 128

coagulation.

Question 129

Formed by a series of chemical reactions that result in the formation of a netlike structure.

Answer 129

Coagulation

Question 130

Framework of the clot is composed of protein fibers called:

Answer 130

fibrin.

Question 131

Third step of hemostasis:

Answer 131

coagulation.

Question 132

Second step of hemostasis:

Answer 132

platelet plug.

Question 133

First step of hemostasis:

Answer 133

vascular spasm.

Question 134

An entangled mass of fine threads that let blood through but trap the large particles in the blood, such as RBCs and platelets.

Answer 134

Fibrin

Question 135

Seals off the opening in the injured blood vessel and stops the bleeding.

Answer 135

Blood clot

Question 136

The fibrin net and the trapped elements are called a:

Answer 136

blood clot.

Question 137

The series of reactions in which one clotting factor activates another clotting factor is called the:

Answer 137

clotting cascade.

Question 138

Stage I: When clotting factors are activated, the clotting factors produce ___.

Answer 138

prothrombin activator (PTA)

Question 139

Stage II: In the presence of calcium platelet chemicals and PTA (prothrombin) is activated to form ___.

Answer 139

thrombin

Question 140

Stage III: Thrombin activates ___. Activated ___ forms the ___ fibers or ___net. The net traps other blood cells and particles to form the clot.

Answer 140

fibrinogen x2 / fibrin x2

Question 141

Blood clot is called a:

Answer 141

thrombus.

Question 142

The process of blood clot formation is called:

Answer 142

thrombosis.

Question 143

A piece of the thrombus can break off, forming a traveling blood clot called an:

Answer 143

embolus.

Question 144

Commonly called ‘blood thinners’.

Answer 144

Anticoagulants

Question 145

These agents, however, do not dilute the blood; they make the blood less likely to clot.

Answer 145

Anticoagulants

Question 146

A substance that the body recognizes as foreign.

Answer 146

Antigen

Question 147

Blood is classified according to specific ___ on the surface of the RBC.

Answer 147

antigens

Question 148

A person with type A blood has the ___ antigen on the RBC.

A person with type B blood has the ___ antigen on the RBC.

A person with type AB blood has both ___ and ___ antigens on the RBC.

A person with type O blood has ___ A nor B antigens on the RBC.

Answer 148

A / B / A B / neither

Question 149

An antigen stimulates an ___.

Answer 149

antibody response

Question 150

This response is designed to attack and destroy the antigen.

Answer 150

Antibody response

Question 151

In addition to the antigens on the RBC membranes, specific antibodies are found in the ___ of each blood type.

Answer 151

plasma

Question 152

A person with type A blood has anti-___ antibodies in the plasma.

A person with type B blood has anti-___ antibodies in the plasma.

A person with type AB blood has ___ anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

A person with type O blood has ___ anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

Answer 152

B / A / neither / both

Question 153

An antigen located on the membrane of the RBC.

Answer 153

The Rh factor.

Question 154

A+ blood refers to type A (A antigen) blood that also has the ___; whereas, A− blood is type A blood that does not have the ___.

Answer 154

Rh factor x2

Question 155

Regulates fluid volume.

Answer 155

Proteins in the blood plasma

Question 156

A and B are antibodies on the surface of red blood cells. Indicate if this statement is true or false.

Answer 156

False…antibodies are found in the plasma.

Question 157

There are 8 possible blood types. Indicate if this statement is true or false.

Answer 157

True: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-

Question 158

The red blood cell has an Rh ___ on its surface.

Answer 158

antigen

Question 159

This clumping of the antigen–antibody interaction is called:

Answer 159

agglutination.

Question 160

Agglutination reactions cause the RBCs to burst or lyse, a process called:

Answer 160

hemolysis.

Question 161

When RBCs are broken down, the hemoglobin releases ___ into the blood.

Answer 161

bilirubin (bi-luh-roo-bn)

Question 162

The bilirubin attaches to a ___ ___ and is transported to the liver.

Answer 162

plasma protein

Question 163

The liver changes the bilirubin by removing the plasma protein and attaching glucuronic acid to the bilirubin by the process of:

Answer 163

conjugation (kann-juh-gay-shn)

Question 164

The liver excretes the conjugated bilirubin into the ___; the ___ flows through a series of ___ ducts into the intestines of the digestive tract. Bilirubin and its breakdown products form the basis of many diagnostic tests.

Answer 164

bile x3

Question 165

The separation of blood into two phases forms the basis of a blood test called the:

Answer 165

hematocrit (Hct).

Question 166

The percentage of blood cells in a sample of blood.

Answer 166

Hematocrit (hee-mat-oh-krit)

45%

Question 167

A sample of blood is normally composed of ___ blood cells and ___ plasma. The blood cell component is composed mainly of ___s. A small layer of cells between the plasma and the RBCs is called the ___ coat and consists of WBCs and platelets. Because the ___ coat is so thin, any change in the Hct is generally interpreted as a change in the numbers of ___s.

Answer 167

45% / 55% /RBCs /buffy x2 /RBCs

Question 168

Anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are all examples of this.

Answer 168

Myelosupression