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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 > Function of the Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Function of the Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

These act as a delivery system.

A

Blood vessels

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2
Q

Impaired blood flow and oxygen deprivation is called ___.

A

ischemia (uh-skee-mee-uh)

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3
Q

The consequences of ___ are tissue damage, pain, and gangrene.

A

ischemia (uh-skee-mee-uh)

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4
Q

Force that blood exerts against the walls of the blood vessels.

A

Blood pressure

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5
Q

Needed to push blood through the blood vessels to an organ.

A

Blood pressure

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6
Q

The highest pressure recorded (myocardial ___).

A

Systolic pressure

Contraction

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7
Q

The lowest pressure recorded (myocardial ___).

A

Diastolic pressure

relaxation

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8
Q

When blood pressure is normal; that is, one is ___.

A

normotensive

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9
Q

The top number of blood pressure.

A

Systolic

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10
Q

The bottom number of blood pressure.

A

Diastolic

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11
Q

The difference between the systolic and the diastolic pressures.

A

Pulse pressure

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12
Q

The normal blood pressure for an adult is defined as a systolic pressure of less than ___ mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of less than ___ mm Hg.

A

120 / 80

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13
Q

Low blood pressure.

A

Hypotension

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14
Q

Blood flow to vital organs decreases and the person is said to be in shock.

A

Hypotension

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15
Q

Elevated blood pressure.

A

Hypertension

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16
Q

The blood vessels may burst, or rupture.

A

Hypertension

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17
Q

True or false: blood pressures vary from one type of blood vessel to the next.

A

True

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18
Q

Note that the blood pressure is highest in the ___ because it is closest to the ___ ventricle; the ___ ventricle pumps blood with great force.

A

aorta / left x2

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19
Q

The blood pressure gradually declines as the blood flows from the large arteries into the ___, into the ___, into the ___ and, finally, into the ___.

A

arterioles (aar-tee-ree-owls) / capillaries / venules (vay-nyoo-uhlz) / veins

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20
Q

This difference in pressure causes blood to flow from the arterial side of the circulation to the ___ side.

A

venous

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21
Q

Note that a blood pressure of 116/72 mm Hg is normal only for ___ blood vessels. Capillary pressure is generally much ___.

A

large / lower

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22
Q

Pressure within the ___ veins is around ___ mm Hg.

A

large / 0

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23
Q

Blood flows from the arterial to the venous side of the circulation primarily because of the ___ difference between the two.

A

pressure

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24
Q

A typical normal blood pressure in an adult is ___/___ mm Hg.

A

117 / 72

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25
Q

Blood pressure is determined by the heart (___ ___) and the blood vessels (___ ___ ___).

A

cardiac output / systemic vascular resistance

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26
Q

Heart component of blood pressure.

A

Cardiac output

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27
Q

Cardiac output is determined by ___ ___ and ___ ___.

A

heart rate (HR) / stroke volume (SV)

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28
Q

The force of contraction.

A

Stroke volume

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29
Q

A decline in HR and/or SV ___ cardiac output and blood pressure.

A

decreases

30
Q

The large blood vessels are similar to a ___. The smaller vessels, especially the arterioles, act as ___. Because the arterioles are composed largely of smooth muscle, the contraction and relaxation of the muscle allow the arterioles to change their diameter and therefore their resistance to blood flow.

A

hose / nozzles

31
Q

The clinical term that refers to the resistance offered by all the peripheral blood vessels; it is the same as total peripheral resistance (TPR).

A

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

32
Q

Determines resistance in the arterioles.

A

Smooth muscle

33
Q

Occurs when arteriolar smooth muscle relaxes and increases the diameter of the blood vessels. The process is comparable to removing a nozzle from the end of the hose.

A

Vasodilation

34
Q

Decreases resistance in the blood vessels and decreases blood pressure.

A

Vasodilation

35
Q

When the smooth muscle contracts, the diameter of the arteriole becomes smaller. This process is known as ___ and is comparable to adding a nozzle to a hose.

A

vasoconstriction

36
Q

Vasoconstriction ___ systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and raises blood pressure. Thus the arterioles’ ability to dilate and constrict helps determine blood pressure.

A

increases

37
Q

Under normal conditions, blood pressure remains relatively constant, at slightly less than 120/80 mm Hg. Regulation of blood pressure involves ___ acting and ___ acting mechanisms.

A

rapidly / slowly

38
Q

The most important of the rapidly acting mechanisms is a nervous reflex mechanism called the ___ reflex.

A

baroreceptor

39
Q

Located in the walls of the aortic arch and carotid sinus.

A

Baroreceptors (bar-oh-ree-SEP-tors)

40
Q

This reflex consists of the following structures: receptors, sensory nerves, medulla oblongata, and motor nerves.

A

Baroreceptor

41
Q

Senses sudden changes in blood pressure.

A

Baroreceptors

42
Q

Once the baroreceptors have been activated, the ___ information travels along the nerves to the brain.

A

sensory

43
Q

The nerves that carry the sensory information are cranial nerves (CNS) ___ (glossopharyngeal) and ___ (vagus).

A

IX / X

44
Q

The ___ ___ of the brain stem interprets sensory information coming from the baroreceptors.

A

medulla oblongata (muh-duh-luh aa-bluhgn-gaa-tuh)

45
Q

If the blood pressure is low, the ___ ___ tells the heart and blood vessels to increase blood pressure. If the ___ ___ receives information that the blood pressure is high, it tells the heart and blood vessels to decrease blood pressure.

A

medulla oblongata (muh-duh-luh aa-bluhng-gaa-tuh) x2

46
Q

Once the medulla oblongata has identified adjustments needed to restore blood pressure to normal, the ___ ___ carry information to the heart and blood vessels.

A

motor nerves

47
Q

Involved are the nerves of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems).

A

Motor nerves

48
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex.

A
49
Q

A second rapidly acting mechanism is the secretion of ___ and ___ from the medulla of the adrenal gland.

A

epinephrine (eh-puh-neh-fruhn)/ norepinephrine (naw-reh-puh-neh-fruhn)

50
Q

These hormones prolong the effects of the baroreceptor reflex; they increase cardiac output and cause vasoconstriction, thus increasing blood pressure.

A

epinephrine (eh-puh-neh-fruhn) / norepinephrine (naw-reh-puh-neh-fruhn)

51
Q

Several ___ mechanisms act slowly to control blood pressure and are more concerned with the ___-term regulation of blood pressure.

A

hormonal / long

52
Q

The most important of the slowly acting mechanisms is the ___- ___-___ mechanism.

A

renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAD)

53
Q

Activation of this mechanism increases blood volume and causes vasoconstriction. Both of these effects increase blood pressure.

A

Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone

54
Q

Other hormones that affect blood pressure include ___ hormone (___).

A

antidiuretic (ADH)

55
Q

Also called vasopressin because it exerts a vasopressor effect (increases blood pressure).

A

Antidiuretic (ADH)

56
Q

Secreted by the distended walls of the heart, these two lower blood pressure by causing vasodilation and by decreasing blood volume through the renal (kidney) secretion of sodium and water.

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

57
Q

Blood pressure = ___ ___ × ___ ___ ___

A

cardiac output / systemic vascular resistance

58
Q

The most important rapidly acting mechanism is the baroreceptor reflex; a sudden ___ in blood pressure triggers a sympathetic discharge, whereas a sudden ___ in blood pressure triggers parasympathetic or vagal discharge.

A

decline / increase

59
Q

The secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine contributes to and prolongs the ___-response system.

A

rapid

60
Q

___-term mechanisms are ___ and include the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, ADH, and the natriuretic ___.

A

Long / hormonal / peptides

61
Q

These regulate blood pressure.

A

Blood vessels

62
Q

These engage in the delivery of nutrients and waste between the capillaries and cells.

A

Blood vessels

63
Q

These redistribute blood in response to changing body needs

A

Blood vessels

64
Q

These help regulate body temperature

A

Blood vessels

65
Q

The greater the stroke volume, the greater the ___ ___ and the ___ the blood pressure.

A

cardiac output / higher

66
Q

The faster the ___ ___, the greater the cardiac output and the higher the blood pressure.

A

heart rate

67
Q

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute is called:

A

cardiac output.

68
Q

All of the following mechanisms of action improve venous return to the heart except which one?

Skeletal muscle contraction

Breathing deeply

Venoconstriction

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)

A

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)

69
Q

True or false: breathing deeply decreases pressure in the chest and increases pressure in the abdomen. This forces blood toward the heart.

A

True

70
Q

The more blood there is in a blood vessel the higher the pressure in that vessel will be. Indicate if this statement is true or false.

A

True.

71
Q

Blood pressure is determined by the combination of cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance. Indicate if this statement is true or false.

A

True

72
Q

Temporary oxygen deprivation due to diminished coronary blood flow is called ischemia.

A

True

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 (26 decks)

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