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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

It produces, nurtures, and transports ova and sperm and it secretes hormones.

A

Reproductive system

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2
Q

The primary reproductive organs are the gonads.

A

Gonads

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3
Q

The female gonads.

A

Ovaries

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4
Q

The male gonads.

A

Testes

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5
Q

Secrete hormones and produce the gametes.

A

Gonads

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6
Q

The ova (eggs) and the sperm.

A

Gametes

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7
Q

The ___ reproductive structures nourish and transport the eggs and sperm.

A

secondary

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8
Q

Provide a safe and nourishing environment for the fertilized eggs.

A

Secondary reproductive structures

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9
Q

The male reproductive system performs three roles: it ___, ___, and ___ sperm; it deposits the sperm within the female reproductive tract; and it secretes hormones.

A

produces

nourishes

transports

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10
Q

The male gonads:

A

testes or testicles.

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11
Q

They perform two functions: the production of sperm and the secretion of the male hormone testosterone.

A

Testes or testicles

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12
Q

The two oval testes are located outside the abdominal cavity and are suspended in a sac between the thighs called the ___.

A

scrotum

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13
Q

Begin their development within the abdominal cavity but normally descend into the scrotum during the last 2 months of fetal development.

A

Testes

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14
Q

(A) Male reproductive organs. (B) Pathway for semen.

A
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15
Q

(A) Male gonad. The testis consists of lobules containing seminiferous tubules surrounded by interstitial cells. (B) Sperm.

A
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16
Q

The testis is divided into about 250 smaller units called:

A

lobules.

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17
Q

Each contains seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells (also called Leydig cells).

A

Lobules

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18
Q

The tightly coiled ___ tubules form sperm.

A

seminiferous (semer-ifer-us)

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19
Q

Lie between the seminiferous tubules and produce the male hormones called androgens.

A

Interstitial cells (inter-stichal)

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20
Q

The most important androgen.

A

Testosterone

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21
Q

Produce both sperm and testosterone.

A

Testes

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22
Q

Formed by the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.

A

Sperm

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23
Q

The seminiferous tubules contain two types of cells: ___ cells (cells that produce sperm) and ___ cells (cells that support, nourish, and regulate the spermatogenic cells).

A

spermatogenic (sperm-mato-genic)

supporting

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24
Q

Sustentacular cells or Sertoli cells:

A

Supporting cells

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25
Q

True or false: under the influence of gonadotropins and testosterone, a man makes millions of sperm each day.

A

True

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26
Q

The formation of sperm within the seminiferous tubules.

A

Spermatogenesis (sperm-ato-genesis)

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27
Q

The undifferentiated spermatogenic cells.

A

Spermatogonia (sperm-ato-g-ownia)

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28
Q

Each spermatogonium contains ___ chromosomes (the diploid [DIP-loyd] number), the normal number of chromosomes for human body cells.

A

46

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29
Q

The spermatogonium in the seminiferous tubules undergoes ___, thereby producing two identical daughter cells (daughter cell A and daughter cell B); each daughter cell having ___ chromosomes.

A

mitosis

46

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30
Q

Daughter cell A remains in the ___ tubules as a stem cell and source of future spermatogonia. Daughter cell B differentiates into a primary spermatocyte, still retaining ___ chromosomes.

A

seminiferous (semer-ifer-us)

46

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31
Q

The primary spermatocytes undergo ___.

A

meiosis

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32
Q

During this, genetic information is swapped and rearranged along the chromosomes, thereby creating considerable genetic variation in the population.

A

Meiosis

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33
Q

Meiosis causes a reduction in chromosomal number from 46 (diploid number) to ___ (haploid number).

A

23

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34
Q

The reduction in the chromosomal number is important because upon fertilization (the union of the sperm having ___ chromosomes and ovum, having ___ chromosomes), the chromosomal number of the human body cell is restored to ___.

A

23 x2

46

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35
Q

The final stage of spermatogenesis.

A

Spermiogenesis (sprem-io-genesis)

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36
Q

Each immature sperm cell develops a head and a tail.

A

Spermiogenesis (sprem-io-genesis)

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37
Q

The ___motile sperm accumulate in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and then move on to the epididymis, where they begin to mature.

A

non

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38
Q

The mature sperm are called ___. From spermatogonium to spermatozoon—about 70 hours.

A

spermatozoa (spermato-zoa)

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39
Q

The mature sperm has three parts: a ___, ___, and ___.

A

head

body

tail

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40
Q

Primarily a nucleus.

A

Head of sperm

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41
Q

Contains the genetic information of the sperm.

A

Nucleus

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42
Q

The front part of the head has a specialized structure called the ___, which contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg at the time of fertilization.

A

acrosome

43
Q

A spiral-shaped structure that contains many mitochondria and supplies the sperm with energy.

A

Body (midpiece) of the sperm

44
Q

Flagellum:

A

tail of the sperm.

45
Q

Its whiplike movements enable the sperm to swim.

A

Tail of the sperm

46
Q

As the sperm form, they gather in the seminiferous tubules and move into a series of ___ ducts, where they mature.

A

genital

47
Q

The ducts include two ___, two vas (ductus) ___, two ___ ducts, and one ___.

A

epididymides (epi-did-die-mides)

deferens

ejaculatory

urethra

48
Q

The first part of the duct system.

A

Epididymis (ep-i-did-i-miss)

49
Q

It is about 20 feet (6 m) in length, is tightly coiled, and sits along the top and posterior side of the testis.

A

Epididymis (ep-i-did-i-miss)

50
Q

While they are in the ___, the sperm mature, becoming motile and fertile.

A

epididymis (ep-i-did-i-miss)

51
Q

The walls of the epididymis contract and push the sperm into the next structure, the vas ___.

A

deferens

52
Q

Continuous with the epididymis.

A

Vas deferens

53
Q

It ascends as part of the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal in the groin region into the pelvic cavity.

A

Vas deferens

54
Q

There are two spermatic cords: one coming from the right and one from the left ___ region.

A

groin

55
Q

In addition to the vas deferens, it includes blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, muscles, and connective tissue.

A

Spermatic cord

56
Q

As the vas deferens courses through the pelvic cavity, it curves over the urinary bladder and joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ___ duct.

A

ejaculatory

57
Q

The two ejaculatory ducts, from the right and left sides, pass through the prostate gland and join with the single ___.

A

urethra

58
Q

Various secretions are added to the sperm as they travel through the genital ducts. The secretions come from three glands: the seminal ___, the ___ gland, and the bulbourethral glands.

A

vesicles

prostate

59
Q

Located at the base of the bladder and secrete a thick yellowish material rich in substances such as fructose (sugar), vitamin C, and prostaglandins. These substances nourish and activate the sperm as they pass through the ducts.

A

Seminal vesicles

60
Q

Encircles the upper urethra just below the bladder.

A

Prostate gland

61
Q

Secretes a milky alkaline substance that plays a role in increasing sperm motility. It also counteracts the acidic environment of the vagina and so helps protect the sperm as they enter the woman’s body.

A

Prostate gland

62
Q

During ejaculation, the smooth muscle of the ___ gland contracts and forces the secretions into the urethra.

A

prostate

63
Q

The pea-shaped ___ourethral glands, or Cowper glands, are tiny glands located beneath the prostate gland. They secrete thick mucus into the urethra. The mucus serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.

A

bulb

64
Q

The mixture of sperm and the secretions of the accessory glands.

A

Semen

65
Q

Consist of the scrotum and the penis in the male.

A

Genitals

66
Q

A sac, or pouch of skin, that hangs loosely between the legs and contains the testes.

A

Scrotum

67
Q

Has two functions; it carries urine through the urethra to the outside of the body and it acts as the organ of sexual intercourse (copulation).

A

Penis

68
Q

Deposits sperm in the female reproductive tract.

A

Penis

69
Q

The shaft, or body, of the penis contains three columns of erectile tissue and an enlarged tip called the ___ penis.

A

glans

70
Q

The opening of the urethra, called the urinary meatus (external urethral orifice), penetrates the ___ penis.

A

glans

71
Q

The loose skin covering the penis extends downward and forms a cuff of skin around the glans called the foreskin or ___.

A

prepuce

72
Q

Extends the length of the penis and is surrounded by three columns of spongy erectile tissue.

A

Urethra

73
Q

When a man is sexually stimulated, the ___ nerves fire, the penile arteries dilate, and the erectile tissue fills with blood.

A

parasympathetic

74
Q

The accumulation of blood in the erectile tissue causes the penis to enlarge and become rigid.

A

Erection

75
Q

Accompanied by emission and ejaculation.

A

Orgasm

76
Q

The movement of sperm and glandular secretions from the testes and genital ducts into the proximal urethra, where they mix to form semen.

A

Emission

77
Q

Emission is caused by the influence of the ___ nervous system on the ducts, causing rhythmic, peristalsis-type contractions.

A

sympathetic

78
Q

The expulsion of semen from the urethra to the outside.

A

Ejaculation

79
Q

Begins when the urethra fills with semen.

A

Ejaculation

80
Q

Motor nerve impulses from the spinal cord stimulate the skeletal muscles at the base of the erectile columns in the penis to contract ___. The ___ contraction provides the force necessary to expel the semen.

A

rhythmically

rhythmic

81
Q

Immediately after ejaculation, ___ nerve impulses cause the penile arteries to constrict, thereby reducing blood flow into the penis. This process is accompanied by increased venous drainage of blood from the penis. As a consequence, the penis becomes flaccid and returns to its unstimulated size

A

sympathetic

82
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic: erection.

A

Parasympathetic

83
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic: emission.

A

Sympathetic

84
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic: erect.

A

Parasympathetic

85
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic: flaccid.

A

Sympathetic

86
Q

Most of the testosterone is secreted by the ___ cells of the testes. A small amount is secreted by the ___ cortex.

A

interstitial (inter-stichal)

adrenal

87
Q

True or false: testosterone is necessary for sperm production and the development of the male sex characteristics.

A

True

88
Q

The male reproductive system is controlled primarily by the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, ___ pituitary gland, and testes.

A

anterior

89
Q

The ___ secretes a ___ hormone, which then stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete two gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

A

hypothalamus

releasing

90
Q

Promotes spermatogenesis by stimulating the spermatogenic cells to respond to testosterone.

A

FSH

91
Q

True or false: spermatogenesis comes about through the combined action of FSH and testosterone.

A

True

92
Q

Also known as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) in the male, promotes the development of the interstitial cells of the testes and the secretion of testosterone.

A

LH

93
Q

After puberty, a ___ feedback loop regulates testosterone production. When the level of testosterone in the blood increases, it causes the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland to decrease their hormonal secretions, thereby decreasing the production of testosterone. As blood levels of testosterone decrease, the anterior pituitary gland increases its secretion of ___ (ICSH), thereby stimulating the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone once again. This negative feedback mechanism keeps the blood level of testosterone constant.

A

negative

LH

94
Q

Hormonal Control of Sperm Production and Testosterone Secretion. FSH, Follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone

A
95
Q

The ___ reproductive system produces eggs, secretes hormones, and nurtures and protects a developing fetus during the 9 months of pregnancy.

A

female

96
Q

The female ___ are two almond-shaped ovaries located on either side of the uterus in the pelvic cavity.

A

gonads

97
Q

Anchored in place by several ligaments, including the ovarian and broad ligaments.

A

Ovaries

98
Q

Although not attached directly to the fallopian tubes, are close to them.

A

Ovaries

99
Q

Within the ovary are many tiny saclike structures called ovarian ___. A female is born with 2 million follicles.

A

follicles

100
Q

This number steadily ___ with age, however, so that at puberty only about 400,000 follicles remain—enough to start a small family. Of these, only about 400 follicles ever fully mature, because a female usually produces only ___ egg per month throughout her reproductive years.

A

declines

one

101
Q

Each ovarian follicle consists of an immature egg, called an ___, and the surrounding cells, called follicular cells.

A

oocyte

102
Q

Beginning at puberty, several follicles mature every month, although usually only ___ fully matures. As the egg matures, it begins to undergo ___ cell division, which reduces the number of chromosomes by half, from ___ to ___.

A

one

meiotic

46

23

103
Q

At the same time, the follicle enlarges, a fluid-filled centre is formed, and the follicular cells begin to secrete ___.

A

estrogen

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 (26 decks)

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