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Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 > Anatomy of the Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of the heart and blood vessels.

A

Circulatory system

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2
Q

A series of connected hollow tubes that begin and end in the heart.

A

Blood vessels

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3
Q

The heart and blood vessels also form a circuit. The heart pumps blood into the large ___. The blood flows through a series of ___ ___ back to the heart.

A

artery / blood vessels

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4
Q

This arrangement ensures a continuous one-way movement of blood.

A

Circuit or circulation

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5
Q

Moving from heart to blood vessels to heart, to blood.

A

Circuit

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6
Q

Carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart.

A

Pulmonary circulation

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7
Q

Transports unoxygenated blood to the lungs, where oxygen is loaded and carbon dioxide is unloaded.

A

Pulmonary circulation

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8
Q

Oxygenated blood then returns to the left side of the heart to be pumped into the ___ circulation.

A

systemic

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9
Q

The larger circulation.

A

Systemic circulation

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10
Q

Provides the blood supply to the rest of the body.

A

Systemic circulation

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11
Q

Carries oxygen and other nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and other waste.

A

Systemic circulation

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12
Q

The body’s highways.

A

Blood vessels

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13
Q

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

A

Arteries

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14
Q

The ___ arteries repeatedly branch into smaller and smaller arteries as they are distributed throughout the entire body.

A

large

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15
Q

As arteries branch, they become much more numerous but smaller in ___.

A

diameter

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16
Q

The smallest arteries.

A

Arterioles (ar-teer-ee-ohls)

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17
Q

Besides the ___ ___, most of the ___ are color-coded red because they carry ___ blood.

A

pulmonary arteries / arteries / oxygenated

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18
Q

Blood flows from the arterioles into the ___.

A

capillaries

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19
Q

The smallest and most numerous of all the blood vessels.

A

Capillaries (kap-i-lair-ees)

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20
Q

They connect the arterioles with the venules.

A

Capillaries

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21
Q

Because the body has so many of them, a ___ is close to every ___ in the body. This arrangement provides every ___ with a continuous supply of ___ and other nutrients.

A

capillary / cell x2 / oxygen

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22
Q

Are coloured from red to purple to blue because the blood gives up its oxygen to the tissues; the unoxygenated blood leaving the tissues is therefore bluish.

A

Capillaries

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23
Q

Blood flows from the capillaries into the ___.

A

veins

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24
Q

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

A

Veins

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25
Q

The smallest veins.

A

Venules (VEN-yools)

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26
Q

The small venules converge to form ___ but ___ veins.

A

fewer / larger

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27
Q

The largest veins empty the blood into the ___ ___ of the heart.

A

right atrium

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28
Q

Besides the ___ veins, most of the veins are colour-coded ___ because they carry ___ blood.

A

pulmonary / blue / unoxygenated

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29
Q

Except for ___, the blood vessels are composed of three layers (or ___) of tissue: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia.

A

capillaries / tunics

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30
Q

The innermost layer, an endothelium.

A

Tunica (too-nik-kah) intima

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31
Q

The tissue which forms a single layer of cells lining various organs and cavities of the body, especially the blood vessels, heart, and lymphatic vessels.

A

Endothelium

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32
Q

The endothelial lining forms a slick, shiny surface continuous with the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart. Blood flows easily and smoothly along this surface.

A

Tunica (too-nik-kah) intima

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33
Q

The thin, smooth membrane which lines the inside of the chambers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves.

A

Endocardium

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34
Q

The middle of a blood vessel layer.

A

Tunica media

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35
Q

The thickest layer of a blood vessel, composed primarily of elastic tissue and smooth muscle.

A

Tunica media

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36
Q

True or false: the thickness and composition vary according to the function of the blood vessel.

A

True

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37
Q

The large arteries contain considerable ___ tissue so that they can stretch in response to the pumping of blood by the heart.

A

elastic

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38
Q

The smallest of the arteries, the arterioles, are composed primarily of ___ ___. The ___ allows the arterioles to contract and relax, thereby changing the diameter of the arteriole.

A

smooth muscle / muscle

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39
Q

The outer layer of the blood vessels.

A

Tunica adventitia (ad-ven-teesh-ah)

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40
Q

Composed of tough connective tissue, its main function is to support and protect blood vessels.

A

Tunica adventitia (ad-ven-TEESH-ah)

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41
Q

The walls of the large ___ are thick, tough, and elastic because they must withstand the ___ ___ of the blood pumped from the ___.

A

arteries / high pressure / ventricles

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42
Q

Primary function of this is to conduct blood from the heart to the arterioles.

A

Large arteries

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43
Q

Called conductance vessels.

A

Large arteries

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44
Q

The smallest of the arteries.

A

Arterioles

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45
Q

Composed primarily of smooth muscle and spend most of their time contracting and relaxing.

A

Arterioles

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46
Q

By changing their ___, the ___ affect resistance to the flow of blood. A narrow (constricted) vessel offers an ___ resistance to blood flow; a wider (dilated) vessel offers ___ resistance.

A

diameter / arterioles / increased / less

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47
Q

Called resistance vessels.

A

Arterioles (because of their effect on resistance)

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48
Q

Have the thinnest walls of any of the blood vessels.

A

Capillaries

49
Q

The capillary wall is made up of a single layer of ___ lying on a delicate basement membrane.

A

endothelium

50
Q

The thin ___ wall enables water and dissolved substances, including oxygen, to move across the wall from the blood into the tissue spaces, where they become available for use by the cells.

A

capillary

51
Q

Allows waste from the metabolizing cell to diffuse from the tissue spaces into them for transport by the blood to the organs of excretion.

A

Capillary

52
Q

Called exchange vessels.

A

Capillaries

53
Q

Allows for an exchange of nutrients and waste.

A

Capillaries

54
Q

Capillaries begin to converge to form ___.

A

venules

55
Q

The venule wall is slightly ___ than the capillary wall.

A

thicker

56
Q

As the venules converge to form larger ___, the walls become even ___.

A

veins / thicker

57
Q

The tunica media of the vein is much ___ than the tunica media of the artery. This difference is appropriate because pressure in the veins is much ___ than the pressure in the arterial blood vessels.

A

thinner / less

58
Q

Most veins contain ___-way valves. These valves direct the flow of blood toward the ___. The valves are most numerous in the veins of the ___ extremities, where they prevent backflow, helping move blood up and away from the ___ toward the ___.

A

one / heart / lower / ankles / heart

59
Q

While the valves facilitate the movement of venous blood toward the heart, the veins sometimes need some “outside” help. This is particularly true of the veins of the ___ extremities.

A

lower

60
Q

Although blood pressure is very high in the arterial circulation, it decreases to almost 0 mm Hg in the ___. The pressure in the ___ is so ___, in fact, that it alone cannot return blood from the ___ back to the ___. The “outside” help is the ___ muscle pump.

A

veins x2 / low / veins / heart / skeletal

61
Q

The “outside help” for veins of the lower extremities.

A

Skeletal muscle pump

62
Q

The large veins in the leg are surrounded by these.

A

Skeletal muscles

63
Q

When the skeletal muscles are relaxed and blood flow slows, the valves ___. As the skeletal muscles contract, they squeeze the large veins, thereby ___ the valves and forcing blood toward the ___.

A

close / opening / heart

64
Q

Mechanism: when the skeletal muscles are relaxed and blood flow slows, the valves close. As the skeletal muscles contract, they squeeze the large veins, thereby opening the valves and forcing blood toward the heart.

A

Skeletal muscle pump

65
Q

The pump explains the beneficial effects of exercise for your patients. Exercise improves venous return of blood to the heart and prevents ___ of blood and thrombosis (blood clot formation).

A

stagnation

66
Q

Stores blood.

A

Veins

67
Q

About 70% of the total blood volume is found on the ___ side of the circulation.

A

venous

68
Q

Because the veins store blood, they are called ___ ___.

A

capacitance vessels

69
Q

When stored blood is needed, the veins constrict (___) and move blood to the heart for circulation.

A

venoconstriction

70
Q

Blood Vessel Wall Layers

A
71
Q

Skeletal Muscle Pump.

A
72
Q

The delivery of portal blood to the liver is important because the liver plays a critical role in the ___ of glucose, fats, and protein.

A

metabolism

73
Q

As the blood flows through the ___, many of the nutrients are extracted from the blood and modified in some way. For instance, the ___ has immediate access to large amounts of ___ that is absorbed into the blood following digestion. The ___ uses the ___ to regulate blood sugar; it can remove excess ___ and store it as ___ or it can release ___ into the blood to maintain a normal blood sugar.

A

liver x2 / glucose / liver / glucose x2 / glycogen / glucose

74
Q

Equally impressive is the ___ role in the handling of nitrogen. The ___ prevents nitrogen from entering the general circulation as ammonia. Instead, the nitrogen is excreted by the ___ into the blood in the form of urea.

A

hepatic / liver x2

75
Q

Less toxic than ammonia and is easily eliminated by the kidneys.

A

Urea

76
Q

The blood vessels of the liver have a unique arrangement. Three groups of blood vessels are associated with hepatic circulation: the hepatic ___, the hepatic ___, and the hepatic ___ ___.

A

artery / veins / portal system

77
Q

A branch of the celiac trunk and a large artery that branches off the abdominal aorta.

A

Hepatic artery

78
Q

Carries oxygen-rich blood to the liver.

A

Hepatic artery

79
Q

Drains blood from the liver and delivers it to the inferior vena cava.

A

Hepatic vein

80
Q

A unique arrangement of veins that deliver 80% of the blood flow to the liver.

A

Hepatic portal system

81
Q

This arrangement delivers venous blood to the liver.

A

Hepatic portal system

82
Q

Refers to an arrangement of blood vessels in which the blood from one organ(s) is immediately delivered to a second organ(s) before being returned to the heart and lungs for oxygenation.

A

A portal system

83
Q

Delivers blood, rich in digestive end products, from all the organs of digestion to the liver.

A

Hepatic portal system

84
Q

A large vein that carries blood from the organs of digestion to the liver.

A

Portal vein

85
Q

The portal vein is formed by the union of two large veins: the ___ ___ vein and the ___ ___.

A

superior mesenteric / splenic vein

86
Q

Receives blood from the small intestine (where most digestion and absorption occur) and the first part of the large intestine.

A

Superior mesenteric vein

87
Q

Receives blood from the stomach, spleen, and pancreas.

A

Splenic vein

88
Q

Receives blood from the inferior mesenteric vein, which drains the distal part of the large intestine.

A

Splenic vein

89
Q

Delivers blood rich in digestive end products directly to the liver.

A

Portal veins

90
Q

Note that both the hepatic ___ and portal ___ carry blood ___ the liver.

A

artery / vein / towards

91
Q

The hepatic ___ carries oxygen-rich blood, and the portal vein carries blood rich in the products of ___ to the liver but ___ in oxygen content.

A

artery / digestion / poor

92
Q

Once in the liver, blood from both the hepatic artery and portal vein perfuses the ___ called hepatic sinusoids.

A

capillaries

93
Q

Have large pores that permit the mixing of arterial and venous blood and facilitate the delivery of digestive end-products to the liver cells.

A

Sinusoids (sai-nuh-soydz)

94
Q

Lined with phagocytic cells called Kupffer cells.

A

Sinusoids

95
Q

These cells remove bacteria from portal blood before the blood enters the general circulation.

A

Kupffer (coop - fer)

96
Q

Hepatic Portal Circulation.

A
97
Q

The ___ pump blood into the arteries about 72 times/min. The blood causes an alternating expansion and recoil of the arteries with each beat of the heart. This alternating expansion and recoil creates a pressure ___ (similar to vibration), which travels through all the arteries. This ___ is called the ___.

A

ventricles / wave / pulse

98
Q

Wave =

A

pulse

99
Q

Because it is caused by the ___ contraction of the ventricles of the heart, the pulse is often described as a “heartbeat that can be felt at the wrist.”

A

rhythmic

100
Q

Although a pulse can be felt in any artery lying close to the surface of the body, the site most often used to feel the pulse is the ___ artery in the ___ area.

A

radial / wrist

101
Q

By feeling a person’s pulse, you can determine the ___ ___.

A

heart rate

102
Q

A normal heart rate is about ___ beats/min.

A

72

103
Q

Feeling a pulse can determine if the heart is beating regularly (___) or irregularly.

A

rhythmically

104
Q

You can also assess the pulse for its ___.

A

strength

105
Q

At times, the heart contracts so weakly that the heartbeat cannot be felt over the ___ artery; this happens in a person who has ___ a lot of ___ and is in shock. His pulse may be described as being “rapid and thready.”

A

radial / lost / blood

106
Q

A pulse may also be described as “full or bounding,” as happens in a person with ___ blood volume.

A

excess

107
Q

It is also possible that you may not be able to detect a pulse in a particular artery. The pulse may be absent if the artery is blocked or ___. For example, if a person has poor arterial circulation to the feet, as occurs with many diabetic persons, the dorsalis pedis pulse may be undetectable.

A

occluded

108
Q

Lastly, you may also be asked to assess for a pulse ___. A pulse ___ is a difference between the heart rate as determined by auscultation at the apex of the heart and the heart rate as determined by palpation of the radial artery. In certain clinical conditions, such as atrial fibrillation, the heart beats, but it does so ineffectively. Consequently, the vibration set up in the arterial wall is too weak to be felt at the wrist (radial pulse). The underlying cause of a pulse ___ is easily detected with an electrocardiogram (ECG). Thus, a correct assessment of the pulse can provide much useful information about the patient’s condition.

A

deficit x3

109
Q

The action of listening to sounds from the heart, lungs, or other organs, typically with a stethoscope, as a part of medical diagnosis.

A

Auscultation

110
Q

A method of feeling with the fingers or hands during a physical examination.

A

Palpation

111
Q

A quivering or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications.

A

Fibrillation

112
Q

The decline in blood pressure is sensed by the baroreceptors and the information carried by sensory nerves (CNs IX and X) to the medulla oblongata. The motor response? Activation of the ___ nervous system.

A

sympathetic

113
Q

Stimulation of the ___ nerves causes the sinoatrial (SA) node to fire more quickly, thereby increasing HR. ___ firing also causes the ventricular myocardium to contract more forcefully, increasing SV. Both of these responses increase cardiac output and blood pressure. Firing of the ___ nerves also causes vasoconstriction of the arterioles, thereby increasing SVR and blood pressure. In fact, many of the signs of shock are due to the firing of the ___ nerves as it tries to restore blood pressure.

A

sympathetic x4

114
Q

The ___ system controls “fight-or-flight” responses. In other words, this system prepares the body for strenuous physical activity. The events that we would expect to occur within the body to allow this to happen do, in fact, occur. The ___ system regulates “rest and digest” functions.

A

sympathetic / parasympathetic

115
Q

What if a person’s blood pressure suddenly increases? The baroreceptor reflex is activated resulting in the stimulation of ___ discharge. ___ (vagal) stimulation decreases HR and therefore decreases cardiac output and blood pressure. Blood pressure also decreases because the blood vessels dilate, thereby decreasing resistance. If the blood vessels do not contain ___ nerves, why do they dilate? The vasodilation is not caused by ___ activity; it occurs because the sympathetic nerves become less active when the ___ nerves fire.

A

parasympathetic x5

116
Q

Branch of the celiac trunk and large artery that branches off the abdominal aorta.

A

Hepatic artery

117
Q

Carries oxygen-rich blood to the liver.

A

Hepatic artery

118
Q

Drains blood from the liver and deliver it to the inferior vena cava.

A

Hepatic veins

119
Q

Delivers blood, rich in digestive end products, from all the organs of digestion to the liver.

A

Hepatic portal system

Human Physiology - PNUR1143 -22S - Sec 1 (26 decks)

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