Wallace_Substantival uses of the Acussative

Question 1

What is the main description of the accusative?

Answer 1

case of extent or limitation

Question 2

What is the accusatives primary use? And what question does it ask?

Answer 2

1. It is used primarily to limit the action of a verb as to extent, direction, or goal.
2. How far?

Question 3

What is the accusative of direct address?

Answer 3

indicates the immediate object of the action of a transitive verb, receiving the action of the verb. (this is the expected and default function of the accusative)

Question 4

What is a double accusative of person-thing?

Answer 4

certain verbs take two direct objects, one a person and the other a thing (the thing is the nearer object; the person is the more remote; typically we would expect the person to be in the dative) (Common)
ἐκεινος ὑμας διδαξει παντα he will teach you [p] all things [th].

Question 5

What is a double accusative of object-complement?

Answer 5

a construction in which one accusative substantive is the direct object of the verb and the other accusative (whether noun, adjective, participle, or infinitive) complements the object (it predicates something about it)

Question 6

What is a crucial question of the object-complement construction?

Answer 6

Whether the two accusatives are object-complement or appositional (only certain verbs take this kind of construction, but they are not required to do so, that is why it is important to determine the function)

Question 7

What are three words that frequently, but by far not always appear in the object-complement construction? And how should these three words typically be translated?

Answer 7

1. ὡς
2. εἰς
3. εἶναι
4. “as” “to be” namely”

Question 8

how do I determine what the object is in the object-complement construction

Answer 8

1. It is going to be similar to S-PN for nominatives (because this construction is an embedded subject-predicate construction)
2. More likely objects will be: pronouns, proper name, articular (in that order of priority)

Question 9

In the object-complement construction, what determines the continuum from definite to qualitative, to indefinite?

Answer 9

1. The object will tend more towards the definite range
2. Word order (the further left the more definite)
   3.

Question 10

When determining the semantics of the object-complement if the order in the sentences is: Complement-object; what does that entail?

Answer 10

1. Complement: definite or qualitative

2. Object: definite

Question 11

When determining the semantics of the object-complement if the order in the sentences is: Object-Complement; what does that entail?

Answer 11

1. Object: Definite

2. Qualitative or indefinite

Question 12

What is a predicate accusative?

Answer 12

1. stands in predicate relation to another accusative substantive
2. the two will be joined by an equative verb (either an infinitive or participle; only more common in Paul and Luke)

Question 13

What is an accusative of subject of the infinitive? And when is this construction used?

Answer 13

1. the accusative substantive frequently functions semantically as the subject of the infinitive
2. when the infinitive requires a different agent than the subject of the main verb (common, esp with personal pronouns)

Question 14

When an infinitive takes a subject and object accusative, what are the two main constructions? And how is the subject-object determined for each?

Answer 14

1. Subject accusative-predicate accusative: the same for S-PN (pronoun, proper name, articular)
2. subject accusative-direct object: Context; word order is a secondary consideration (ελεγον “αὐτον” εἶναι “θεον” They were saying that he was a God)

Question 15

What is an accusative of retained object?

Answer 15

1. Seen in double accusative person-thing constructions
2. When the verb is used passively
3. the person becomes the subject and
4. the thing retains its accusative case (rather than becoming a dative as would be expected) (

Question 16

An example of an accusative of retained object

Answer 16

Active: εποτισε παντα ἑν πνευμα “he made all to drink of one Spirit (notice the double accusative person thing)
2. Passive: παντες ἑν πνευμα εποτισθημεν “we all were made to drink [of] one Spirit” (notice that the παντες became a nominative

Question 17

What is the accusative in simple apposition?

Answer 17

1. two adjacent substantives
2. that refer to the same person or thing
3. and have the same syntactical relation to the rest of the clause
   (the first belongs to any syntactical category the second provides clarification of who or what is mentioned)

Question 18

What is an adverbial accusative (or accusative of manner)?

Answer 18

1. functions semantically like an adverb, in that it qualifies the action of the verb (rather than indicating quantity or extent)
2. Acts like an adverb of manner (this is actually a common subcategory of the adverbial accusative)
   (overall not very common)

Question 19

Notes on the adverbial accusative

Answer 19

1. nouns and adjectives can serve this role, but other than δωρεαν (freely) most are adjectives
2. there are structural similarities to the cognate accusative; (ζητειτε δε “πρωτον” την βασιλειαν του θεου “but seek first the kingdom of God”)

Question 20

What is the accusative of measure? And what are the translational glosses? And what two questions do the two categories ask?

Answer 20

1. indicates the extent of the verbal action (either over space or time) (rare with space, common with time)
2. “for the extent of” or “for the duration of”
3. “how far?” (space) or “how long?” (time)

Question 21

What are the three nuances of time in each case? And if νυξ was used in a sentence how would each be translated: “I worked last night”

Answer 21

1. Genitive: kind of time “I worked during last night”
2. Dative: point of time “I worked at a point of time in the night”
3. Accusative: extent of time “for the length of the night”

Question 22

What is an accusative of respect or (general) reference? And what are the translational glosses?

Answer 22

1. It indicates with reference to what the verbal action is represented as true (it restricts the reference of the verbal action) (not common)
2. “with reference to” or “concerning” (employ only as a last resort)