Wallace_Pure and Local Dative Uses Flashcards
What are the three broad functions of the Dative?
pure dative, instrumental, and locative
What three questions do the three broad categories of the dative answer?
Pure dative: “to/for whom?”
Instrumental: “How?”
Locative: “Where?”
Encapsulating the three functions of the dative, what is a definition
- The case of personal interest (to or for whom something is done), reference/respect (pure dative)
- position (locative),
- and means (instrumental)
What is the dative of indirect object?
that to or for which the action of a verb is performed (will only occur with transitive verbs; by far the most common category)
How does the dative function in active and passive constructions?
- Active: the noun or pronoun is the person or thing to which is given or receives the direct object (The boy hit the ball ‘to me.’) (though the middle usually fits into this category; esp deponents)
- Passive: the noun or pronoun is the person or thing to which is given or receives the subject of the passive verb (The ball was hit ‘to me’)
What are the keys to identifying the dative of indirect object?
- Must be a transitive verb
2. if the glosses, to or for make sense, then likely dative of indirect object
What is the dative of interest?
- Indicates the person (rarely thing) interested in the verbal action
- AKA dative of advantage and disadvantage
What are the keys to identifying the dative of interest?
- “for” “for the benefit of” “in the interest of”
- “against” For the detriment of “to the disadvantage of”
(some of the keys to identification are helpful for getting at the sense of the dative, but are too awkward as a translation)
What are two things to keep in mind with the dative of interest?
- every pure dative use is a dative of interest in a general sense
- A dative of advantage/disadvantage will usually belong to some other category as well; but when the idea of advantage/disadvantage is prominent, it is to be classified as such
What is a dative of reference/respect?
the dative is used to qualify a statement that would otherwise not be typically true (the verb makes an assertion that the dative qualifies as true in a certain respect; frequently with adjectives, occasionally with nouns)
What are the keys to identifying the dative of reference/respect?
“with reference to” (also, concerning, about, in regard to; “how shall we who died ‘to sin’ still live in it”)
What is a dative of destination? What are the keys to identifying it?
- a transfer of something from one place to another
- “to”
- similar to an indirect object, but occurs with intransitive verbs (esp εχρχομαι; relatively infrequent)
What is a dative of possession? What are the keys to identifying it?
- possesses the noun to which it is related
- functions like gen. of possession but equative verbs (eg ειμι, γινομαι, ὑπαρχω)
- “possessed by” belonging to”
What is the difference between an indirect object and a possessive dative?
- indirect object: describes an act (ἐδωκεν το βιβλιον μοι–“he gave ‘me’ a book”)
- possessive: describes a state (το βιβλιον ἐστι μοι–“the book is ‘mine’”)
What is a dative in simple apposition?
- An appositional construction involves two adjacent substantives
- in the same case
- that refer to the same person or thing
- and have the same syntactical relation to the rest of the clause (the first dative can belong to any dative category and the second is a clarification; this is common)
What does the local dative subgroup represent, broadly and more specifically?
- root idea of position
2. whether spatiall, nonphysical, or temporal
What is the dative of sphere? What are the keys to identifying it?
- indicates the sphere or realm in which the word to which it is related takes place or exists
- “in the sphere of” or “in the realm of”
What are the distinctions between the dative of reference and the dative of sphere?
- Dative of reference: views the related word as detached or separated somehow (“how shall we who died [with reference] to sin still live in it?”)
- Dative of sphere: views the related word as incorporated within the realm of the dative (“Though you were dead in [the sphere of] your sins.”)
What is a dative of time? What are the keys to identifying it?
- indicates the time when the action of the main verb is accomplished
- denotes point of time (common)
- the noun in the dative will express an indication of time
What are the three nuances for the gen. dat. and accu. of time?
Gen: kind of time (gen represent quality, attribute or kind in general)
Dat: point of time (root idea of dat is local)
Accu: extent of time (limitation to extent)
