Wallace_Nominatives and Vocatives

Question 1

What is the only construction that requires the subject of the sentence to be last?

Answer 1

Interrogatives, “Who is my mother?” (The subject is “my mother” and predicate is “who”)

Question 2

What are the two semantic relationships in subject-predicate nominative constructions? And explain what they mean.

Answer 2

1. Subset proposition: the predicate nominative describes the class to which the subject belongs; “is” does not necessarily mean “equals” (“Jesus is God,” but it would be wrong to say “God is Jesus” because God is Trinity)
2. Convertible proposition: there is an identical exchange (“Jesus is the Son of God” which is the same as “the Son of God is Jesus”)

Question 3

Generally speaking, How is the subject distinguished from predicate nominative?

Answer 3

1. The subject is the known entity (valid for both subset and convertible propositions)

Question 4

Specifically speaking, What three ways is the subject distinguished from predicate nominative?

Answer 4

1. The subject will be a pronoun, whether stated or implied
2. The subject will be articular
3. The subject will be a proper name
   (When only one nominative substantive has one of these grammatical tags, the semantic relationship is subset proposition)

Question 5

When both substantives meet one of the three qualifications for subject, what does this imply?

Answer 5

They are convertible propositions

Question 6

What is a common substitute for predicate nominatives, especially with OT quotations?

Answer 6

1. εις + accusative

Do not translate the εις;

Question 7

Definition of apposition

Answer 7

1. Second noun provides clarification, description, or identification of who or what is mentioned

Question 8

What is an independent nominative?

Answer 8

1. A substantive in the nominative case
2. that is grammatically unrelated to the rest of the sentence.
   (comprised of nominative absolute and pendents)

Question 9

What is a nominative absolute?

Answer 9

1. The nominative case in introductory material
2. such as titles, headings, salutations, and addresses
3. which are not to be construed as sentences

Question 10

What is a pendent nominative?

Answer 10

1. Grammatically independent
2. Contrary to the absolute, the pendent is used in a sentence
3. Logical rather than syntactical subject at the beginning of a sentence (51)

Question 11

What is the difference between the nominative absolute and pendent?

Answer 11

1. Absolute: does not occur in a sentence,

2. but only in titles, salutations, and other introductory phrases

Question 12

What is the genius of the pendent nominative?

Answer 12

it is used to focus on the main topic of the sentence

Question 13

What are the two semantic forces of the pendent nominative, and which one is more common?

Answer 13

1 Emotion:

2. Emphasis (aka nominative of reference); is far more common

Question 14

What is a helpful key to testing whether a certain nominative is pendent?

Answer 14

Asking if I can translate the nominative at the beginning of the clause, “with reference to…”
(ὁ νικων ποιησω αυτον στυλον; “The one who overcomes: I will make him a pillar”; “With reference to the one who overcomes: I…”)

Question 15

What is a parenthetic nominative?

Answer 15

The subject in a clause inside a sentence that may or may not have a different subject. (53)

Question 16

What is the primary use of the parenthetic nominative?

Answer 16

1. Used primarily as explanatory
2. frequently as an editorial aside (esp. in 4th Gospel)
   (Unlike pendent nominative it is not used for emotion or emphasis)

Question 17

How does the parenthetic nominative differ from the nom. absolute and nom. pendens?

Answer 17

1. different from absolute: occurs in sentences
2. different from absolute and pendens: it is not usually found at the head of its construction
   (esp. not at the head of a sentence)

Question 18

What is a nominative in proverbial expressions?

Answer 18

1. used in proverbial expressions that lack a finite verb

usually compressed and elliptical or fragmentary and foreign: “once a thief, always a thief”

Question 19

What is a nominative for vocative (nom. of address)?

Answer 19

Used in the place of the vocative case (56)

Question 20

What are the two structural categories of the nom. for vocative, and what are their emphases?

Answer 20

1. Articular: Descriptiveness

2. Anarthrous: Substitute for vocative (footnote, 56)

Question 21

What are the two additional categories of the anarthrous nom. for vocative? And what is the emphasis?

Answer 21

1. With ὦ: much more emphatic or emotional

2. Without ὦ: less so

Question 22

What are the two additional categories of the articular nom. for vocative? And what is the key for determining which?

Answer 22

1. Address to an inferior
2. Simple substitute for a Semitic noun of address (regardless if inferior or superior)
3. The Key for determining: whether the text in question can be attributed to a Semitic source (such as quoted in LXX) (57)

Question 23

What is a nominative of exclamation?

Answer 23

Used in an exclamation without any grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence

Question 24

What are the three uses of the vocative?

Answer 24

1. Direct address
2. Uttering exclamations
3. Appositional
   (though direct address is by far most frequent)

Question 25

What are the two subgroups of vocative of direct address? How to tell the difference? And what is more common?

Answer 25

1. Simple address: without ὦ (though context might express emotional/emphatic nature
2. Emphatic address/ Voc. of exclamation: with ὦ preceding (there are only 8 uses of vocative with ὦ and 9 with nom.)

Question 26

What does the presence of an appositional vocative almost always indicate?

Answer 26

That the whole vocative construction is emphatic/emotional or exclamation
(though expressions such as “king Agrippa” are not)