Vygotsky's Theory, Attachemtn/Parenting Styles, & Erik Erikson's Theory of Development Flashcards
How did Vygotsky believe children develop?
He believed children develop independently of specific stages as a result of social interactions
What did Vygotsek believe we are born with?
Born with attention, sensation, perception, & memory
Social interaction allows us to use these skills and gain higher mental functions
Zone of Proximal Development
The range of ability a person can do with or without assistance
What can capable mentors’ assistance do?
Assistance from a capable mentor can allow us to reach our fullest potential
How do we develop inner speech?
Thoughts develop as a result of a conversation
- external speak via a gradual process of internalization
- once we develop internal speak inner speech is independent of spoken language
What are Erikson’s Stages of Psychological Development?
Stage 1: Trust vs Mistrust (0-18 months) ; Virtue Hope
Stage 2: Autonomy vs Doubt (2-4yrs) ; Virtue Will
Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt (5-8yrs) ; Virtue Purpose
Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority (9-12yrs) Virtue Competence
Stage 5: identity vs Role Confusion (13-19yrs) ; virtue Fidelity
Stage 6: Intimacy vs Isolation (20-39yrs) ; Virtue Fidelity
Stage 7: Generativity vs Stagnation (40-59) ; Virtue Care
Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs Despair (60+) ; Virtue Wisdom
What is Stage 1 of Erikson’s theory?
Trust vs Mistrust (0-18m) - Hope
- must rely on a caregiver for basic needs
- views the world as a good place
What is Stage 2 of Erikson’s theory?
Autonomy vs Shame Doubt
(2-4yrs) - Will
- children learn to do activities on their own
- parents who get angry at their kids will have issues with self-sufficiency
- parents who allow kids to do their own thing gain confidence
What is Stage 3 of Erikson’s Theory?
Initiative vs Guilt (5-8yrs) - Purpose
- children set goals for themselves (may act risky)
- feel guilt when can’t meet goals (could express violence & anger)
Stage 4 of Erikson’s Theory
Industry vs Inferiority (9-12yrs) - Competence
- more acceptance of criticism from adults about their competence
- start comparing themselves to peers
- discover hobbies
- negative feedback -> less competence
Stage 5 of Erikson’s Theory
Identity vs Role Confusion (13-19yrs) - Fidelity
- prolonged stage
- set boundaries from parents and live their own lives, romantic interest, own place in adult society
- experiment with different identities
- Search for career, gender, political opinion, religion,etc.
Stage 6 of Erikson’s Theory
Intimacy vs Isolation (20-39yrs) - love
- finding true romantic or intimate partner instead of being alone
Stage 7 of Erikson’s Theory
Generativity vs Stagnation (40-59yrs) - care
- giving back to future generations
- raising grandchildren / taking care of your parents
- not having people to take care of makes us feel unproductive
Stage 8 of Erikson’s Theory
Ego Integrity vs Despair (60+) - Wisdom
- older adults look back and reflect on whether they lived a happy life
- those who feel good have lots of experiences to draw upon to help and support others in life
What is the importance of contact and touch?
Contact and touch are vital to attachment, learning, emotional well-being, and psychological development
How do babies learn?
They learn from touch
Secure Attachment
Caregiver Behaviours:
- react quickly and positively to the child’s needs
- responsive to the child’s need
Child Behaviours
- distressed when the caregiver leaves
- happy when returns
- seeks comfort from caregiver when scared or sad
Insecure Avoidant
Caregiver Behaviours: - unresponsive, uncaring, dismissive Child Behaviours: - no distress when the caregiver leaves nor acknowledges return - does not seek contact
Insecure Ambivalent
Caregiver: - responds to child inconsistently Child: - distress when caregiver leaves - not comforted by return
Insecure Disorganized
Caregiver:
- abusive or neglectful
- responds in frightening, or frightening ways
Child:
- no attaching behaviors
- often appear dazed, confused, or apprehensive in presence of caregiver
What are the four parenting styles?
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, & Unengaged
Authoritative
high demandingness & high responsiveness
- shows love via warmth & affection
pro: not restrictive, clear standards
con: lots of patient and effort
Authoritarian
High demandingness & low responsiveness
pro: clear establishment of rules; obedient children
con: little to no affection, one sided dialogue
Permissive
High responsiveness & low demandingness
pro: lots of affection, freedom
con: rules not enforced, kids hold more control in the relationship
Unengaged
low demandingness & low responsiveness
pro: learn self-reliance
con: no rules, affection, child may have difficulty in social situation, lack coping skills
