Vygotsky's Theory, Attachemtn/Parenting Styles, & Erik Erikson's Theory of Development

Question 1

How did Vygotsky believe children develop?

Answer 1

He believed children develop independently of specific stages as a result of social interactions

Question 2

What did Vygotsek believe we are born with?

Answer 2

Born with attention, sensation, perception, & memory

Social interaction allows us to use these skills and gain higher mental functions

Question 3

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 3

The range of ability a person can do with or without assistance

Question 4

What can capable mentors’ assistance do?

Answer 4

Assistance from a capable mentor can allow us to reach our fullest potential

Question 5

How do we develop inner speech?

Answer 5

Thoughts develop as a result of a conversation

• external speak via a gradual process of internalization
• once we develop internal speak inner speech is independent of spoken language

Question 6

What are Erikson’s Stages of Psychological Development?

Answer 6

Stage 1: Trust vs Mistrust (0-18 months) ; Virtue Hope
Stage 2: Autonomy vs Doubt (2-4yrs) ; Virtue Will
Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt (5-8yrs) ; Virtue Purpose
Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority (9-12yrs) Virtue Competence
Stage 5: identity vs Role Confusion (13-19yrs) ; virtue Fidelity
Stage 6: Intimacy vs Isolation (20-39yrs) ; Virtue Fidelity
Stage 7: Generativity vs Stagnation (40-59) ; Virtue Care
Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs Despair (60+) ; Virtue Wisdom

Question 7

What is Stage 1 of Erikson’s theory?

Answer 7

Trust vs Mistrust (0-18m) - Hope

• must rely on a caregiver for basic needs
• views the world as a good place

Question 8

What is Stage 2 of Erikson’s theory?

Answer 8

Autonomy vs Shame Doubt
(2-4yrs) - Will
- children learn to do activities on their own
- parents who get angry at their kids will have issues with self-sufficiency
- parents who allow kids to do their own thing gain confidence

Question 9

What is Stage 3 of Erikson’s Theory?

Answer 9

Initiative vs Guilt (5-8yrs) - Purpose

• children set goals for themselves (may act risky)
• feel guilt when can’t meet goals (could express violence & anger)

Question 10

Stage 4 of Erikson’s Theory

Answer 10

Industry vs Inferiority (9-12yrs) - Competence

• more acceptance of criticism from adults about their competence
• start comparing themselves to peers
• discover hobbies
• negative feedback -> less competence

Question 11

Stage 5 of Erikson’s Theory

Answer 11

Identity vs Role Confusion (13-19yrs) - Fidelity

• prolonged stage
• set boundaries from parents and live their own lives, romantic interest, own place in adult society
• experiment with different identities
• Search for career, gender, political opinion, religion,etc.

Question 12

Stage 6 of Erikson’s Theory

Answer 12

Intimacy vs Isolation (20-39yrs) - love

- finding true romantic or intimate partner instead of being alone

Question 13

Stage 7 of Erikson’s Theory

Answer 13

Generativity vs Stagnation (40-59yrs) - care

• giving back to future generations
• raising grandchildren / taking care of your parents
• not having people to take care of makes us feel unproductive

Question 14

Stage 8 of Erikson’s Theory

Answer 14

Ego Integrity vs Despair (60+) - Wisdom

• older adults look back and reflect on whether they lived a happy life
• those who feel good have lots of experiences to draw upon to help and support others in life

Question 15

What is the importance of contact and touch?

Answer 15

Contact and touch are vital to attachment, learning, emotional well-being, and psychological development

Question 16

How do babies learn?

Answer 16

They learn from touch

Question 17

Secure Attachment

Answer 17

Caregiver Behaviours:
- react quickly and positively to the child’s needs
- responsive to the child’s need
Child Behaviours
- distressed when the caregiver leaves
- happy when returns
- seeks comfort from caregiver when scared or sad

Question 18

Insecure Avoidant

Answer 18

Caregiver Behaviours: 
- unresponsive, uncaring, dismissive
Child Behaviours: 
- no distress when the caregiver leaves nor acknowledges return 
- does not seek contact

Question 19

Insecure Ambivalent

Answer 19

Caregiver:
- responds to child inconsistently 
Child: 
- distress when caregiver leaves 
- not comforted by return

Question 20

Insecure Disorganized

Answer 20

Caregiver:
- abusive or neglectful
- responds in frightening, or frightening ways
Child:
- no attaching behaviors
- often appear dazed, confused, or apprehensive in presence of caregiver

Question 21

What are the four parenting styles?

Answer 21

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, & Unengaged

Question 22

Authoritative

Answer 22

high demandingness & high responsiveness

• shows love via warmth & affection
  pro: not restrictive, clear standards
  con: lots of patient and effort

Question 23

Authoritarian

Answer 23

High demandingness & low responsiveness

pro: clear establishment of rules; obedient children
con: little to no affection, one sided dialogue

Question 24

Permissive

Answer 24

High responsiveness & low demandingness

pro: lots of affection, freedom
con: rules not enforced, kids hold more control in the relationship

Question 25

Unengaged

Answer 25

low demandingness & low responsiveness

pro: learn self-reliance
con: no rules, affection, child may have difficulty in social situation, lack coping skills