Module 32-35

Question 1

Algorithm

Answer 1

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

Question 2

Heuristic

Answer 2

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

Question 3

Insight

Answer 3

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution

Question 4

Confirmation bias

Answer 4

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

Question 5

Mental Set

Answer 5

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 6

Intuition

Answer 6

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Question 7

Fixation

Answer 7

An inability to see a problem from as fresh perspective

Question 8

Representative Heuristic

Answer 8

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

Question 9

Availability Heuristic

Answer 9

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common

Question 10

Overconfidence

Answer 10

The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Question 11

Belief Perseverance

Answer 11

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 12

Framing

Answer 12

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Question 13

Creativity

Answer 13

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Question 14

Convergent Thinking

Answer 14

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

Question 15

Divergent Thinking

Answer 15

Expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

Question 16

Cognition

Answer 16

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 17

Concept

Answer 17

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 18

Prototype

Answer 18

A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

Question 19

Source Amnesia

Answer 19

Attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imaged

• heart of false memories (w/ misinformation effect)
• aka. Misattribution

Question 20

Déjà vu

Answer 20

An eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”. Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Question 21

Misinformation Effect

Answer 21

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.
- can later influence attitudes and behaviors

Question 22

Repression

Answer 22

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Question 23

Proactive Interference

Answer 23

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Question 24

Retroactive interference

Answer 24

The disruptive effect of the new learning of old information

Question 25

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 25

An inability to form new memories

- temporal lobe

Question 26

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 26

An inability to retrieve information from one’s past

Question 27

Mood-Congruent Memory

Answer 27

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

Question 28

Serial Position Effect

Answer 28

Our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list.

Question 29

Priming

Answer 29

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Question 30

Recall

Answer 30

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Question 31

Recognition

Answer 31

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on multiple-choice test.

Question 32

Relearning

Answer 32

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Question 33

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 33

An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Question 34

Hippocampus

Answer 34

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Question 35

Encoding Failure

Answer 35

The brain’s inability to create a link - can’t store & recall

Question 36

Forgetting Curve

Answer 36

Decline or memory and retention over time

Question 37

Retrieval Failure

Answer 37

When information in long term memory can not be called forth/ accessed