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Ap Psychology > Module 11 & 12: Studying the Brain & Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Module 11 & 12: Studying the Brain & Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

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1
Q

Lesion

A

Tissue destruction; naturally or experimentally caused

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2
Q

How are the brain and body wired?

A

The body’s right side is wired to the brian’s left side and the body’s left side is wired to the brain’s right side

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3
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Amplified recording of waves depicting electrical activity across the brain’s surface - electrodes on the scalp

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4
Q

Computed Tomography (CT scan)

A

X-ray from different angles with computer aid to create a representation of a slice of the brain’s structure

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5
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

A

Detects the location of radioactive glucose when the brain performs a task - visible image of brain activity

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6
Q

Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Magnetic fields & radio waves to create an image of soft tissue - shows brain anatomy
Note: Electrical activity sweeps the brain’s surface in waves

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7
Q

Ventricles

A

Fluid-filled brain areas ; linked to some cases of Schizophrenia

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8
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

Reveals blood flow and brain activity by comparing successives MRIs
Reveals brain functioning and structure
Note: Blood goes where the brain is very active

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9
Q

Brainstem

A

Oldest part of central core of the brain; begins where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
Responsible for automatic survival functions

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10
Q

Medulla

A

Base of the brainstem

Controls heartbeats and breathing

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11
Q

Thalamus

A

Top of the brainstem
Brain sensory control center
Direct messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum & medulla

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12
Q

Pons

A

Aids in coordinating movements and autonomic functions

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13
Q

What is the part of the body that is the crossover point where the nerves to and from both sides of the brain connect with the body’s other side?

A

The Brainstem

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14
Q

What information does the Thalamus receive and which does it not?

A

The Thalamus receives informations from all the senses except smell
Sends the information to the higher brain regions that handles seeing, hearing, tasting, and touching
Also directs some of the higher brain replies to the medulla and cerebellum

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15
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Nerve network
Travels through the brainstem and thalamus
Plays a role in controlling arousal
Filters incoming stimuli and relays important information to other brain areas.

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16
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain” ; near the brainstem
Processes sensory input, coordinates movement output, balance, and enables nonverbal learning & memory, judgement of time, modulates emotions, and discriminates sounds and textures

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17
Q

Limbic System

A

Neural System: Hippocampus, Amygdala, Hypothalamus)
Located below cerebral hemispheres
Associated with emotions and drives

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18
Q

What does the hippocampus process?

A

The hippocampus processes conscious memory

19
Q

Amygdala

A

Neural clusters in the limbic system ; 2 lima bean sized

Linked to emotions - aggression & fear

20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Below the thalamus
Neural structure that directs several maintenance activities (eating,drinking, body temperature)
Also helps run the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland (emotion & reward)
Sexual behavior

21
Q

True or False? Other stimulating structures besides for the amygdala can evoke aggression & fear

A

True

22
Q

How does the hypothalamus monitor the body’s state?

A

Uses the blood chemistry & incoming orders from the brain

23
Q

What may cause eating disorders?

A

Eating disorders & substance disorders can derive from a malfunction in the pleasure system (hypothalamus - dopamine)
People with reward deficiency syndrome may crave whatever provides the missing pleasure or relieves negative feelings

24
Q

Hippocampus

A

Above the brainstem
Learning & Memory
Short term to Long term

25
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer layer of the brain (halved into the cerebral hemispheres ; responsible for higher brain functions such as sensation, perception, memory, and association.
Interconnected neural cells that cover the cerebral hemispheres (control & information center)

26
Q

Glial Cells (glia)

A

Part of the nervous system
Nourishes, supports, and protects neurons
Plays a part in learning & thinking
Also provides nutrients & insultates the myelin
Guides neural connection

27
Q

Cerebrum

A

85% of brain weight

Allows us to perceive, think, and speak

28
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Behind the forehead

Involved in speaking and muscle movements and making plans & judgements

29
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Lying on top of head near the rear

Receives sensory input for touch & body position

30
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Back of the head

Receives information from visual fields

31
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Roughly above the ears
Part of the cerebral cortex
Includes auditory areas
Each receiving information primarily form the opposite ear.

32
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Rear of frontal lobe

Controls voluntary movements

33
Q

Brain Computer Interface/ Cognitive Neural Prosthetics

A

Mechanical limbs controlled by implanted electrodes in the mind (good for paralyzed people)

34
Q

Somatosensory Cortex/ Sensory Cortex

A

Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers & processes body touch and movement sensations
processes incoming sensations such as pain and temperature

35
Q

Association Areas

A

Areas of the cerebral cortex not involved in primary motor or sensory function
Involved in higher mental functions (learning,remembering,thinking, & speaking)
It interprets, integrates, and acts on sensory information and links it with stored memories
White matter

36
Q

What is prevented with damage to the frontal lobe?

A

Prevents planning ahead and can alter personality. A person’s morals may appear unrestrained by normal emotions

37
Q

What does association areas in the parietal lobe enable?

A

It enables mathematical and spatial reasoning

38
Q

What does association areas in the temporal lobe enable?

A

It enables us to recognize faces

39
Q

What does damage to the Broca’s area distrupts?

A

Speaking

40
Q

What does damage to the Wernicke’s’ area disrupts?

A

Understanding

41
Q

What is the result of synchronized activity among distinct brain areas?

A

Memory, language, and attention

42
Q

Plasticity

A

Ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experiences
Mostly during childhood

43
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The formation of new neurons

Starts deep in the brain then migrates and forms connections with neighboring neurons

Ap Psychology (43 decks)

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