Module 19: Visual Organisation & Interpretation

Question 1

Perceptual Adaptation

Answer 1

In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.
To changed visual input makes the world seem normal again. - new pair of glasses make you dizzy but you adjust

Question 2

Perceptual Constancy

Answer 2

Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change

Question 3

Color Constancy

Answer 3

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.

Question 4

Monocular cues

Answer 4

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

Question 5

Phi Phenomenon

Answer 5

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

Question 6

Retinal Disparity

Answer 6

A binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance, the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

Question 7

Binocular Cues

Answer 7

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.

Question 8

Visual Cliff

Answer 8

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.
- plexiglass and patterned floor

Question 9

Depth Perception

Answer 9

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.

Question 10

Grouping

Answer 10

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Question 11

Figure-ground

Answer 11

The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

Question 12

Gestalt

Answer 12

An organized whole. Gestalt psychologist emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Question 13

What are the five types of grouping?

Answer 13

Proximity, continuity, closure, similarity, and connectedness

Question 14

Proximity (grouping)

Answer 14

Group nearby figures together

Question 15

Continuity (grouping)

Answer 15

Percieves smooth, continous patterns rather than discontinued ones.

Question 16

Closure (grouping)

Answer 16

Fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object

Question 17

Similarity (grouping)

Answer 17

When items are similar, we see them as together rather than individually

Question 18

Connectedness (grouping)

Answer 18

Grouped together as a unit when there is a uniformed similarity

Question 19

Convergence

Answer 19

Binocular Cue
The extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. The greater inward the strain the closer the object.

Question 20

Linear Perspective

Answer 20

Monocular Cue

Parallel lines appear to meet in the distance

Question 21

Interposition

Answer 21

Monocular Cue

If one object partialy blocks our view of another we perceive it as closer

Question 22

Light & Shadow

Answer 22

Monocular Cue

Given 2 identical objects, the dimmer on is father away

Question 23

Relative Height

Answer 23

Monocular Cue

Objects higher in our field of vision are father away

Question 24

Relative Size

Answer 24

Monocular Cue
If we assume that 2 objects are similar in size, most people perceive the one that cast a smaller natural image is further away.

Question 25

Relative Motion

Answer 25

Monocular Cue
As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move. If you gaze at a fixed object, the objects beyond the point well appear to move with you
- in a car: sky travels with you, house is fixed, fence going opposite direction

Question 26

Motion Perception

Answer 26

Monocular Cue
Partically based on the assumption that shrinking objects are retreating and enlarging objects are approaching.
- we need to see an object in relation to other objects

Question 27

Stoboscopic Movement

Answer 27

Rapid series of slightly moving images

- think flipbook or animation

Question 28

Brightness Constancy

Answer 28

Percieivng objects as having brightness even when its illumination varies
- depends on relative luminance (amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings)

Question 29

Remember

Answer 29

Comparisons GOVERN Perception

Question 30

Size Constancy

Answer 30

Percieve the objects having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies

Question 31

Shape Constancy

Answer 31

Perceiving the form of familiar objects as constant, even while our retinas receive changing images of them

Question 32

Moon Illusion

Answer 32

Moon appears bigger when closer to the horizon - horizon provides many visual reference points like the ebbinghaus illusion

Question 33

Ames Room

Answer 33

Brain uses built in assumption; the room is a deformed trapezoid but inside the room looks normal
- people look like they are changing sizes causing our brain’s stronger assumption walls are parallel

Question 34

Texture Gradient / Relative Clarity

Answer 34

Monocular Cue

Objects textures/details becomes less apparent father away

Question 35

Where in the brain does spatial awareness take place?

Answer 35

Parietal Lobe