Module 16 & 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

Perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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3
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

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4
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Constructs perceptions from the sensory input by drawing on our experience and expectations.

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

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5
Q

Selective Attention

A

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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6
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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7
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in the environment

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8
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.

Environmental informational -into neural impulses

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9
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

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10
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

The volume/ intensity where half the time you could hear/see and half the time you couldn’t

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11
Q

Signal Detection Theory

Second Card?

A

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)/ Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivations, and alertness.

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12
Q

Subliminal

A

Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

- below 50%

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13
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response.

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14
Q

Difference Threshold

A

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time
- difference threshold increases with the size of the stimulus

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15
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

  • it is more difficult to detect the difference threshold in high stimulus situations than it is to detect difference threshold in low stimulus situations
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16
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

17
Q

Perceptual Set

A

A mental predisposition (tendecy) to perceive one thing and not another

18
Q

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

A

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

19
Q

Parapsychology

A

The study of paranormal phenomena including ESP and psychokinesis

20
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

Your ability to attend to only one voice among many (while also being able to detect your own name in an unattended voice).

21
Q

Who is Fechner and what did he study?

A

Gustave Fechner (1801-1887)

  • First studied the relationship between incoming physical stimuli and the response to them
  • two approaches: absolute threshold & difference threshold
22
Q

Noise

A

Anything that interferes with our detection of a stimulus

23
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Based on the premise that detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical/psychological state of the individual

  • notice things based on how strong they are and how much we’re paying attention
24
Q

What’s the difference between the difference threshold and the absolute threshold?

A

The absolute threshold for sound, for example, would be the lowest volume level that a person could detect. The difference threshold would be the smallest change in volume that a person could sense

25
Q

What are the steps of transduction?

A

They RECIEVE sensory stimulation
They TRANSFORM sensory stimulation to neural impulses
They DELIVER neural information to the brain.