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Ap Psychology > Module 14: Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences > Flashcards

Module 14: Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

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2
Q

Environment

A

EVERY external influence! (including prenatal nutrition - and the people and things that surround us

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

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4
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Complex molecule that contains the genetic information

- DNA makes up chromosomes

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5
Q

Genes

A
  • biochemical units of heredity

- composed of segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

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6
Q

Genome

A

The complete instructions for making an organism

- consist of genetic materials that are in the organism’s chromosomes

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7
Q

What do behavior geneticist study?

A

They study the differences, effects, & interplay of heredity and the environment

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8
Q

How many chromosomes do we have? How many come from the egg? From the sperm?

A

46 chromosomes total
23 mother’s egg
23 father’s sperm

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9
Q

How many genes to people have?

A

Between 20,000-25,000 genes

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10
Q

What are the two types of genes?

A

expressed (active) or inactive genes

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11
Q

What “turn on” genes? What happens as a result?

A

The environment turns on genes. Those genes provide the code for creating protein molecules (body’s building blocks)

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12
Q

Is a trait influenced by a single gene?

A

No, Traits are influenced by many genes

Note: Complex traits such as intelligence, happiness, aggressiveness, etc., are influenced by groups of genes

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13
Q

What helps explain both our shared human nature and our human diversity?

A

Our genetic predispositions/ our genetically influenced traits

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14
Q

Monozygotic (Identical Twins)

A
  • one fertilized egg that splits

- two genetically identical organisms

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15
Q

Dizygotic (Fraternal Twins)

A
  • two fertilized egg
  • share the SAME fetal environment
  • genetically simular as other siblings
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16
Q

True or False: Identical twins don’t always have the same number of copies of those genes

A

True: Helps explain why one twin may be more at risk for certain illnesses

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17
Q

What could be a cause of differences between identical twins?

A

Having different placentas

  • 1 out of every 3 pairs of twins have separate placentas
  • one may receive more nourishment than the other

Not having the same number of copies

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18
Q

True or False: Identical twins are not more similar on extroversion & neuroticisms (emotional stability) scales than fraternal twins

A

False

Identical twins are more similar on extroversion and neuroticism

19
Q

True or False: Studies have shown that identical twins whose parents treated them alike were NOT psychologically more alike than identical twins who were treated less similarly

A

True

Identical twins are not psychologically more alike even if the parents treated them similarly

20
Q

What are some attributes that seperated twins share?

A
  • similar taste, physical attributes, personality (characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, & acting), ability, attitude, interest & fears
  • brain waves & speech inflection are similar

Note: validity is questioned because adoption agencies try to place twins in similar environments

21
Q

Genetic Relatives

A

Biological parents & siblings

22
Q

Environmental Relatives

A

Adoptive parents & siblings

23
Q

Are people who grew up together (related or not) more alike in regards to personality?

A

No

People who grew up together, related or not, do not resemble one another in personality

24
Q

Are adoptees more like their biological or adoptive parents?

A

Adoptees are more similar to biological parents in regards to agreeableness & extroversion

25
Q

Do parents influence children’s attitude, values, manners, faith, and politics?

A

yes parents do influence children’s attitude, values, manners, faith, and politics.

26
Q

Molecular Genetics

A
  • subfield of biology

- studies molecular structures & functions of genes

27
Q

What is the goal of molecular geneticist?

A

The goal is to find some of the genes that work to form traits (body weight, extraversion, sexual orientation, etc._

28
Q

What can genetic test do?

A

Genetic test can pinpoint and aid in identifying people with genes that put them at risk of genetically influenced disorders (learning disorders, depression, schizophrenia , alcohol use disorder)

29
Q

What is a problem of identify genes?

A

Moral issue: people could try to genetically modify their children

  • can cause discrimination issues
  • could result in the loss of other traits ex. Schizophrenia linked with creativity
30
Q

Heritability

A

The portion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

The EXTENT to which differences among people are attributed to genes

Remember heritability of a trait varies depending on the range of the population and the environment

31
Q

What is something to remember when measuring a person’s ______ ? (extroversions for example)

A

Putting people in a new social context can change their ______ (extroversion in this example)

32
Q

REMEBER

A

“Genes & environment - nature & nurture - work together like two hands clapping. Genes are self -regulating”

33
Q

True or False: An effect of an environment can not also be an adaptation

A

False
An effect of an environment CAN also be an adaptation
example: calloused feet - tough environment

34
Q

Interaction

A

The interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another factor
ex: effect of one factor (environment) depends on another (heredity)

35
Q

Epigenetic

A

The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occurs WITHOUT a change in DNA

36
Q

What blocks gene expression?

A

Epigenetic molecules

37
Q

What can effect how a child remembers their childhood?

A

Evocative interactions affect how children remember their childhood. For instance how their parents treated them

*not all that + about this one

38
Q

Epigenetic Mark

A

An organic methyl molecule attached to part of a DNA strained
- effects could last over lifetimes

39
Q

What can affect the epigenetic molecules that regulate gene expression?

A

Diet, drugs, & stress

40
Q

Heredity (nature)

A

genetic transfer of characteristics to offspring from parent

41
Q

Human Genome

A

the complete instructions for humans that all humans (genome); there is a common sequence within human DNA (human)

42
Q

If the differences to an environment decrease what happens to the heritability? Why?

A

The heritability would increase because any difference noticed we be a result of their genes not their environment

43
Q

Molecular Behavior Genetics

A

The further study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior.

Ap Psychology (43 decks)

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