Voyaging Continued

Question 1

Theories About Voyaging into Remote Oceania: El Niño Frequency

Answer 1

1. Wind reversals allow for voyages east (Wind behind you usually but wind reversal means wind going into other direction so can find new islands) (Never know when it’s gonna happen)
2. Higher frequency of El Niño ca (6000-4500 BP) (3300-2500 BP (Period of increased voyaging and island exploration)) (2300 BP) (1400-1100 BP) (600 BP (From pores of coral))

Question 2

Different Kings of Voyages: Exploration

Answer 2

1. Three guys and a canoe
2. Wait for wind reversals

Question 3

Different Kinds of Voyages: Colonization

Answer 3

1. Parents, kids, household goods for new settlement, but still people on home island (Colonists could go back home) (Oral histories describe this kind of voyaging)

Question 4

Different Kinds of Voyages: Migration

Answer 4

1. Flotilla of people moving to new settlement (Everybody leaves with nobody left on home island) (Oral histories describe this kind of voyaging)

Question 5

Navigation: Three Big Questions

Answer 5

1. Where am I?
2. Where is my destination?
3. What is the best route to my destination? (Don’t have GPS so need to know how to travel)

Question 6

Indigenous Navigation

Answer 6

1. Interest in voyaging by Hawaiians in the 1960s
2. Navigation still in use in parts of the northern Pacific
3. Mau Pialug, navigator from Paluwat atoll (Mau showing kids a star compass) (He would be requested to teach people old ways of sailing in places like Hawaii)
4. Master navigator would train people who wanted to navigate and test them on how much they known and they would obtain titles of the different levels of knowledge

Question 7

Navigation: Orientation and Steering

Answer 7

1. Stars rise and set on horizon
2. Constellations (See one and can find other ones)
3. Winds (certain directions had a name)
4. Waves (certain directions had a name)
5. Key: Know the pattern of the stars/winds/waves on your home island (So you can go back home)
6. To know where you are going need to know where you are

Question 8

Star Compass

Answer 8

1. Hawaii made their own
2. Voyaging in Hawaii lost because no oral history of it
3. Took Carolinian style and adapted it to themselves
4. Need to know sequence of houses and when they rise and fall
5. Navigation thought of sometimes you standing still and things going past you

Question 9

Zenith Stars

Answer 9

1. Crosses directly overhead on an island (at its zenith)
2. Can indicate latitude (Where north or south of the equator you are)
3. Zenith Stars memorized along with island names
4. Put pole in ground perfectly straight and lay next to it zenith star will line up with it (Memorize for home island can always get home) (Knowledge that got communicated over time (Knew where islands are without being there because of Zenith stars))

Question 10

Dead Reckoning

Answer 10

1. Calculate location based upon course and distance of time (Rising/Setting of new stars tracks time) (Mental map (After x nights along a heading, you should be close))
2. Know how far you’ve come
3. How fast boat going using knots which came from actual knots on a rope, drop it in ocean, and count knots pass by in certain unit of time

Question 11

Homing in on Island Target

Answer 11

1. Seabirds return to land in evening (Fairy tern)
2. Seaweed, coastal debris

Question 12

Reflected Ocean Swells

Answer 12

1. Bounce back from island (waves) (Energy from water continues to ripple outward) (Go in direction of the waves because island could be nearby)
2. Indicates direction of island

Question 13

Cloud Formations

Answer 13

1. Form over the warm island (Thunderheads)
2. Extends into atmosphere
3. Visible for long distances (Because very tall) (Cloud always there so figure something there)

Question 14

Bigger Targets: Island Arcs

Answer 14

1. Wind straight toward one island failure
2. Wind straight towards multiple islands success (bigger target)
3. Wind going against one island failure
4. Wind going against toward multiple islands success (Lots of options to land)