Beyond Lapita: The Colonization Of The Central And Eastern Pacific

Question 1

Polynesia as a “Phyletic Unit”

Answer 1

1. Kirch and Green
   1.1 Common origin
   1.2 Phylogenetic unity

Question 2

Closely related languages

Answer 2

1. Use languages for map of how places colonized
2. Marquesan and Hawaiian populations far away from each other but languages similar

Question 3

Homogeneity or “Founders Effect”

Answer 3

1. mtDNA, the “9 base-pair deletion”
2. “Polynesian Phenotype”
   2.1 Robust bodies
   2.2 “Rocker jaw”

Question 4

Shared cultural patterns

Answer 4

1. Kainga (land), Ariki (chief), Tane (god of land/earth), Tu (god of war), Rongo (god of fertility), Tanaloa (god of ocean), Marae (sacred space for ritual activities), Tapu (forbidden), Mana (sacred power from genealogy), Tupuna (ancestors/grandparents), Hawaiki (sacred place where come from and go)

Question 5

The chronology question…

Answer 5

1. 3000 years ago: Lapita in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa
   1.1 They arrived all at once, within 200 years (Floatila of many canoes)
   1.2 East Polynesia not colonized until 1000 years ago (Nothing came back Lapita age)
2. Why the long pause?

Question 6

Why’d we stop? In context…

Answer 6

1. How, when did colonization occur?
   1.1 Oldest sites hard to figure out because of no pottery
2. Data issues
   2.1 Cultural deposits? (Places not sure because no pottery)
   2.2 Dates? (Crazy like too old or too young but accidentally aging driftwood)
   2.3 Environmental change? (Plant ages)
   2.4 Animal extinctions? (Birds went extinct)

Question 7

Early Settlements in Eastern Polynesia

Answer 7

1. Small villages
2. Atop sand dunes
   2.1 White with bands of color
   2.2 Bands of color cultural deposits in sand
   2.3 Look for sand to dock boats and made settlements after dunes
3. Windward coasts
   3.1 Backside of dunes not windy so not getting hit with sand
   3.2 More rain so more freshwater
4. Near streams
   4.1 Need drinking water

Question 8

Sites of earliest known sites in Polynesia and origin area (red circle)

Answer 8

1. Bellows beach, Oahu
2. Pololu Dunes, Hawaii
3. Hane, Marquesas
4. Vaito’otia-Fa’ahia, Society Islands
5. Ureia, Aitutaki
6. Wairau beach

Question 9

Common components

Answer 9

1. Separate structures
   1.1 One slept and ate, one make barkcloth, one shed
2. House, gravel floors, stone foundation
3. Diverse fishing equipment
   3.1 In crevices of houses
4. Shell tools
5. Basalt adzes
6. Dog, pig, chicken
   6.1 Confident to raise all three
7. Ornaments
   7.1 Pearl shell earrings
8. AD 1000-1400
9. Vaito’otia-Fa’ahia (Huahine, Society Islands)
10. Waterlogged deposit
    10.1 Wooden bowls
    10.2 Cordage
    10.3 Canoe parts

Question 10

Archaic East Polynesian assemblages

Answer 10

1. Shell earrings
2. Tattoo needle
   2.1 Would have been attached to wooden handle
3. Wiggle shank hooks
4. Harpoons
5. Whales tooth cut to pendent
6. Adzes for making canoes
   6.1 Long body

Question 11

Old generation…

Answer 11

1. Emory and Sinnott 1965
2. Geoff Irwin 1992
3. J. Steve Athens 1993
   3.1 First to say no Lapita age items
   3.2 Springs and Anderson agreed
4. Patrick Kirch 1984
5. Sprigs and Anderson 1992
   5.1 All get grants to do expeditions and most information we have is from then

Question 12

The Emory and Sinnott Model, ca. 1965

Answer 12

1. Old model not correct anymore
2. Marquesas (1700 BP)
3. Hawaii and Easter (1500 BP)
4. Society Islands (1600 BP)
5. Hawaii, New Zealand (1200 BP)
6. None of the dates true