Hawaii

Question 1

Central and East Polynesian Archaeology and Society

Answer 1

1. Far from others

Question 2

Hawaii

Answer 2

1. Volcanic in origin
   1.1 Part of hotspot
2. Hawaii Island most recent volcanism
3. See great difference in depth of ocean
4. Surfing competitions there because enormous space of deep water around islands creates big waves from generating from deep ocean
5. Leeward coast is dry side
   5.1 Has both windward and leeward and sides have different vegetations
6. High elevations
   6.1 Rolling hills and grasslands
7. Highest elevations
   7.1 Above 13,000 ft and gets snow
   7.2 Pleistocene glacier
8. Modern volcanism still occurring pretty much every year
   8.1 Mostly in same national park
9. Beaches
   9.1 Where most people go to Hawaii for
   9.2 White sand from coral
10. Winds effects where wind is always blowing
    10.1 Fresh set of trades year round
    10.2 Most days 80s with wind so perfect weather

Question 3

Colonization Debate

Answer 3

1. Kirch 2000
2. 1700-1400 BP based on C14 dates
   2.1 Charcoal and pollen change
   2.2 Possibly old wood
   2.3 Knew too old but not sure what actual date was
3. Wilmshurst et al. 2010
4. 1000-800 BP based on secure deposits
   4.1 Hearths, houses
   4.2 Same dates as Marquesas and Tahiti (Says radiocarbon dating not precise enough to differentiate between 100 years)

Question 4

Earliest Accepted Dates for Colonization

Answer 4

1. Ca. 1000-800 BP
   1.1 Bellows Beach, O’ahu
   1.2 1960s Excavations at Bellows Beach
   1.3 Old dates probably from old wood
2. Bellows Beach currently owned by military where trainings like D-day happen

Question 5

Origins

Answer 5

1. Marquesas
   1.1 Linguistically similar
2. Tahiti
   2.1 Later oral histories
3. Probably Marquesans discovered it and then Tahitians went and back and forth travel happened with both origins
4. Eventually voyaging cut off and Hawaii isolated

Question 6

Early Hawaiian Society

Answer 6

1. 1000-800 BP
2. Coastal villages on windward sides of islands
   2.1 Stream so can pull canoe through sand
   2.2 Sand dune now covered in trees for stability (Earth ovens)
3. Marine foods
   3.1 Fishing evidence
4. Irrigated taro cultivation
5. Imported tree crops
   5.1 Originally Hawaii didn’t have coconuts so brought it from Tahiti that came along with colonists
   5.2 All Hawaiian coconuts are Tahitian kind
6. Hawaiian poke very simple but in Samoa have coconut milk in it
   6.1 Hawaiians didn’t have coconut milk in recipes likely because didn’t have own coconuts

Question 7

Households

Answer 7

1. Small family compounds
2. Separate structure for each activity
3. Men and women separated
4. Picture
   4.1 Rock pile back wall of house crumbled
   4.2 Two hearths (Men and women’s hearths because ate separately; Women’s had no pig, what ate instead was dog)
   4.3 Stone foundation with thatch roof

Question 8

Agricultural Production: 600 BP

Answer 8

1. Expansion to leeward sides
2. Sweet potato cultivation
   2.1 From South America so at some point someone went there and brought it back to other Pacific Islands and eventually got to Hawaii
   2.2 Likes colder, dryer weather so perfect for never been grown on parts of Hawaii
   2.3 Little walls with crossways to protect plants from wind (Banana or sugar cane on top to stop wind)
3. Fish ponds
   3.1 Fish trap where put gate and allow baby fish to hang out and when get too big can’t exit
   3.2 Keep fish fresh and get whenever they want

Question 9

Wet and Dry Agricultural Systems Expanded

Answer 9

1. Better see walls for wind breaking
   1.1 Field borders
2. Areas used for growing sweet potato and taro
   2.1 Different because sweet potato leeward and taro windward
3. Everywhere else forest

Question 10

Ahupua’a: The economic unit

Answer 10

1. Ahu = altar
2. Pua’a = pig
   2.1 Area to maintain food production to give back to chiefs
3. Divide island into units
4. Slice from coast to interior
5. Managed by administrator
   5.1 Put in charge by chief to maintain unit
6. Chiefs collected surplus
7. At boundary of land unit temple where priest was there for offering
   7.1 Chief would eat there, hang out, and move on
8. Chief was “land shark” because would just eat
   8.1 Makahiki
9. Chiefly system to produce food for chiefs but meant land needed to be run by others
   9.1 Collective food storage where guarder said when chief (multiple) were coming
   9.2 Support themselves and chief

Question 11

Religious Structures and Events

Answer 11

1. Heiau at ahupua’a boundaries
2. Makahiki Circuit
   2.1 Rising of Pleiades constellation in February
3. Images of ancestors and gods found at the temples
   3.1 Platforms set up for gifts for them
   3.2 Rare cause figurines made of wood and when Christian’s came burned them

Question 12

Heiau (temples)

Answer 12

1. Sponsored by chiefs
2. Dedicated to particular gods
3. Style changed over time
   3.1 Become monumental
   3.2 Last ones built biggest

Question 13

An “Archaic State”

Answer 13

1. Ca. 500-250 BP
2. Paramount chiefs of each island
   2.1 Complicated and very documented
3. Land no longer owned by commoners
   3.1 Separation of who worked the land (commoners) and who owned it (chiefs)
4. Special classes of society
   4.1 Classes to become warrior, craftsmen, fishermen, priestly class, genealogists, musicians, etc
5. Bird feather cloaks, feather standards of rank, ivory pendants
   5.1 See plumbs coming and know chief there
   5.2 Priests in background carrying basket figure of god
6. Quarter with Hawaii is image of last chief of Hawaii
   6.1 State motto ua Mau ke ea o ka ‘aina i ka pono
   6.2 Life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness

Question 14

Kamehameha’s Rise to Power

Answer 14

1. The son of a chief from Maui
2. Born on Hawaii island
3. Mother also chief
4. Based on genealogy should have inherited title of “high chief of Maui” but other contenders
   4.1 Cousin similarly ranked and when became adult their rivalry consumed Kamehameha
   4.2 30 year fight
   4.3 Footprint of Keoua’s soldiers, Kilauea (volcano) (Erupted hot ash and gas and fell on his soldiers and hot and ran and left all footprints; Thought gods not with him so not destined to be high chief)
5. Keoua landing at Pu’u Kohala Heiau to be sacrificed
   5.1 Prophesy at birth make Heiau then role given to him
   5.2 When hot gas happened gave himself to his cousin
   5.3 Got off boat, Kamehameha said come over, warriors stabbed him from behind and sacrificed at alter
6. Kamehameha’s army pushes the warriors of O’ahu over the cliffs
   6.1 Started conquering other islands
   6.2 Blasted other Hawaiian island boats out of water with canons left from Americans
   6.3 Fought them through valleys to cliff and pushed them all off
   6.4 Very successful leader and Kauai surrendered before he got there so not killed
7. Later rule as Ali’s Nui o Hawaii
   7.1 Capital system with advisors and governors
   7.2 Became nice dude who made peaceful decisions
8. Hawaii became connected to America and Europe

Question 15

Hawaiian Traditions and Values

Answer 15

1. Family = ‘ohana
2. Righteousness = pono
3. Sacred = kapu
4. Hula = dance
5. Oli = chants