Kanaky (New Caledonia) And Viti (Fiji)

Question 1

Modern Conflicts: Independence from France: Non!

Answer 1

1. 45% of population of New Caledonia is native (kanak)
2. Other is of European descent, plus some later immigrants
3. 2021 vote for independence from France
4. Only 43% of the population voted — most kanaks boycotted the election (wanted themselves to be running the country)
   4.1 96% voted to remain a territory of France (Protesters get brought to jail in France)

Question 2

Traditional Kanak Life

Answer 2

1. Villages
   1.1 Carved doorposts and roof finials representing ancestral spirits
   1.2 Modern looks like neighborhood you would see anywhere else
   1.3 Past central pole thatched house;pole like umbilical cord connecting them to Earth and island
2. Farming and fishing
   2.1 Pudding (like bread pudding, sliceable) baked in earth oven
3. Music and dance (Spoken in french and kinda Caribbean)
4. Urban life (Very vibrant; French people go there for the clubs)

Question 3

Kanak: Men of Roots: Woman’s fishing

Answer 3

1. Octopus job for women; crayfish job for men
2. Regular fishing traditionally for men

Question 4

Kanak: Men of Roots: Custom of gift and speaking

Answer 4

1. Don’t have yams, not a man or a woman
2. Most important belonging
3. Need to take them to the yam festival
4. Piece of cloth and money put at other persons feet when wanting to make a request for something as a show of respect
5. Words are more important than gift because gift won’t last but word will carry on forever

Question 5

Kanak: Men of Roots: Men and Yams

Answer 5

1. Places in forest have to be invited; ancestors are watching and protecting area from intruders
2. Yam field most important place
3. Handle yams with lots of respect
   3.1 Need to kneel down to get them out of earth (Bow down as sign of respect)
4. Powerful symbol to ask forgiveness, court a girl, an offering
5. Fruit of 9 months hard work
   5.1 Dialogue of man and earth
   5.2 Incarnation/physical representation of ancestors

Question 6

Archaeological Research

Answer 6

1. E. Gifford (1952)
2. Richard Shutler (student above)
   2.1 Two pottery types ca. 1000 BC (Lapita; Podtanean)
   2.2 Question? Different people, or a pre-Lapita colonization?

Question 7

Lapita Pottery Variation: Lapita and Podtanean

Answer 7

1. Dentate stamped pottery
2. Incised
3. Paddle impressed
4. Shell impressed
5. Two kinds of pottery in same culture (One presentation and one everyday)

Question 8

“Western” Lapita (1200-700 BC)

Answer 8

1. 1200 BC (3200 BP) in north of Grande Terre
   1.1 Ancestors face with two eyes, ear spools
2. 1000 BC in south

Question 9

Podtanean (1200 BC — AD 200)

Answer 9

1. Angle like in middle
2. Incised on rim with squiggle
3. Likely utilitarian

Question 10

Podtanean as a utilitarian ware

Answer 10

1. Simpler shape
2. Simple decoration or plain
3. Thinner and stronger (When heated found this)
4. Lapita is abandoned, Podtanean continues for 1000 years
5. Cooking in clay pot (pot tipped on side)
   5.1 Plug it with plug and fire is underneath
   5.2 Use for about a year and then it will break

Question 11

Diet from 3200 BP to 2000 BP

Answer 11

1. Shellfish and fish
2. Turtles (sea)
3. Megapodes
   3.1 Primitive birds from when New Caledonia part of Guadanaland
   3.2 Rely on decaying leaves to make heat for nest
4. Land crocodile
5. Land tortoises
6. Introduced breadfruit and yam

Question 12

Settlement of the Interior

Answer 12

1. Alluvial sedimentation ca. 2500 BP - 2000 BP
2. 1500 BP — first interior settlements
3. 1200 BP — first irrigated agriculture
4. Populations grow in interior
5. Hilltop village with house mounds and plazas
   5.1 Big houses in middle of ridge and higher so suggest some kind of social structure and possible chief house

Question 13

Landesque Capital Agricultural Features: Col de la Pirogue

Answer 13

1. 1100 hectares
2. 1200-300 BP construction
3. Irrigated terraces for growing taro

Question 14

Landesque Capital Agricultural Features: Tiwaka Valley

Answer 14

1. Undated
2. 35 ha of yam mounds

Question 15

Fortifications and Monumental Structures

Answer 15

1. Loyalty group (east of Grand Terre)
2. 2200 BP fortification on Mare Island
3. Required labor
4. Resembles the influence of chiefs elsewhere (Early chiefdom in Loyalties?)

Question 16

Implications from Archaeology

Answer 16

1. Bigger population in prehistory
   1.1 Inland villages
   1.2 Extensive and intensive agriculture
   1.3 Diverse languages
2. Hierarchical sociopolitical system
   2.1 Plenty of land — not population pressure
   2.2 Populations must have crashed at contact

Question 17

Fiji (Viti)

Answer 17

1. Fiji water most money making thing and outside group put pipe in ground to get water and Fijian people don’t see any money from it
2. At the boundary between “Melanesia” and “Polynesia”
3. What is the boundary?