Colonization And Complexity Across Atolls And High Islands

Question 1

Title Page

Answer 1

1. Upraised sea floor
   1.1 Need to be genius to find materials and resources to make tools (Seashells and other seaparts)
2. Western Micronesia
3. Gilbert Islands man wearing helmet for battle made of puffer fish
   3.1 Skin like leather and have barbs so if take skin off and dry it becomes tough
   3.2 Bark chest plate

Question 2

Critical Issues

Answer 2

1. Multiple colonizations
   1.1 (Go out on canoes a lot so long distance interaction)
   1.2 Indicates different cultural inputs in Micronesia (Pohnpei, Guam, Palau, Chuuk)
2. When?
3. High island vs. atoll adaptations
   3.1 Each have connections to each other
   3.2 Tribute type of interaction
4. Regional interaction
5. Chiefdoms, ceremonial centers
   5.1 Chiefs give influence to people of the community
   5.2 Building of temple complexes

Question 3

Nations

Answer 3

1. Belau (Palau)
   1.1 WW2 US occupied it so influenced area
2. Northern Mariana Islands
   2.1 Above Guam but own country even though same distance as Guam
3. Guahan (Guam, US Territory)
   3.1 Why? Military base there so keep eye on Japan
4. Carolines (Fed. States of Micronesia)
   4.1 Runs East/West
5. Marshall Islands
6. Kiribati (Gilberts)
   6.1 Large country and crosses date line so different dates but recently passed rule that even though expands date line they stay in one day because before hard to run country and make meetings

Question 4

Islands

Answer 4

1. Only 4 high islands (Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae)
   1.1 Volcanic islands
2. The rest are makatea or atolls
3. Easy to sail because always an island right in front or behind you
   3.1 Never far from another atoll
   3.2 Managed to keep region well connected

Question 5

Archaeology in the Region

Answer 5

1. 1957: Spoehr in Mariana Islands
2. 1966: Osborne in Palau
3. 1980s-1990s: various CRM projects
   3.1 CRM = cultural resource management
   3.2 Wanted to do military presence so had to do archaeological research before to make sure not going through deposits
4. 2000-2019: Fitzpatrick, Clark, Neapolitan on Yap

Question 6

Colonization: Linguistic Evidence

Answer 6

1. Western languages closer to Philippine-Sulawesi region
   1.1 Chamoru (Guam) and Palauan
2. East/Central Micronesian are Oceanic
   2.1 Carolines, Marshalls, Kiribati

Question 7

Three sources of colonization

Answer 7

1. Wallaceans (Halamahera, perhaps southern Philippines) to Palau and Mariana Islands
2. Bismarck Islanders to Palau, Chuuk, and Pohnpei
3. Later colonizations of Polynesians to Nukuoro/Kapingamarangi

Question 8

Older than Lapita! Early Palau Colonization

Answer 8

1. Sediment cores from Babeldaob
   1.1 Charcoal and betel nut palm (Betel nut like a mini coconut; if put cut in it and add lime powder (coral roasted and ground down) and shove in mouth and bite down produces chemical reaction that makes you high
   1.2 Upraised island
2. 4600-4200 BP
3. More conservative date: 3300-2700
   3.1 Excludes the sediment core data
   3.2 Based on cultural deposits

Question 9

Also older than Lapita! Mariana Islands (Guam) and Yap

Answer 9

1. 3500 BP for Mariana Islands
2. Pollen cores on Yap show vegetation change
   2.1 Doesn’t always mean humans
3. Ceramics: Mariana Red Ware
   3.1 Impressed and lime-filled (Dentate stamps (Circle with line and zigzag at top))
   3.2 Calcareous sand tempered (CST)
   3.3 Like SE Asian pottery
   3.4 Not Lapita, but share obvious ancestry

Question 10

Central/Eastern Colonization

Answer 10

1. High Islands of Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae
   1.1 Fefan pottery and deposits dating to 2000 BP (Similar to late Lapita plain wares from SE Solomon (Just by little nick mark))
   1.2 Pollen cores indicate vegetation change

Question 11

Atoll Colonization

Answer 11

1. Sea levels too high until 2000 BP
2. Perhaps only intermittently used
3. 1500-1100 BP
   3.1 Majuro (Marshalls)
   3.2 Kwajalein (Marshalls)
4. No pigs, but chickens and dogs

Question 12

Surviving on Atolls

Answer 12

1. No rock
   1.1 So it have stone adze keep very good care of it
   1.2 Maybe make one of heavy clam shell
2. Little soil/sediment
3. No water
4. Limited agriculture
   4.1 Coconuts, Breadfruit, Swamp taro (Can tolerate salty water)
5. Limestone tripping wire so suggest fighting probably over food and water because that was all that there was

Question 13

Other objects

Answer 13

1. Swamp taro
   1.1 Know because leaf point up
   1.2 Soil is white so beach sand
2. Fishing lure made of tortoise shell
3. Pounder to pound roots of taro
4. Adze made out of giant clam shell

Question 14

Western Micronesian Transitions

Answer 14

1. CHamoru culture
2. Latte complex (Mariana Islands, Guam)
3. Limestone columns and capstones
   3.1 Stone posts don’t decay so allow house to last a little longer than if on ground
4. Larger ones probably associated with higher individuals
   4.1 Latter stones range from 1-3 m high
   4.2 House of Tage, Tinian (5 m high)