Commensal Animals Pt 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Pacific Dog Husbandry
A
- See Oct 25 Notes
- European dogs replaced native dogs
- Placed in pens and not very big
3.1 For food
3.2 Wiener dog size
3.3 Eat meat, hide for tools, teeth for tools and jewelry - No Lapita dog has ever been found
4.1 Found turtle and confused them for dog bones
4.2 Dogs came after Lapita
2
Q
Dog items
A
- Dog tooth leg rattle
1.1 Individual dog canines
1.2 Lots of them - Dancers w/ dog-tooth rattles
- Dog tooth (molar) bracelet
3.1 Primary way of killing them is hitting them on the head (dent on nose)
3
Q
The Dog Model
A
- Modern mtDNA
1.1 Dingos (From Australia and brought into islands)
1.2 New Guinea Singing Dogs (Don’t bark, can climb trees, use this skill to hunt because can go up in trees and get animals
1.3 Wolves
1.4 Domestic dogs worldwide - Archaeological dog bone from Polynesia
2.1 Cook Islands
2.2 New Zealand
2.3 Hawaii
2.4 Kosrae and Pohnpei - Data gathered suggested that the diversity of dogs from South China/Philippines, that goes down to Australia which isolates itself, and then the China one goes to Polynesia, New Zealand, and Hawaii
4
Q
Pacific Dog Origins
A
- Dingos from SE Asia/South China
1.1 Pacific dogs distinct - Pacific dogs show two clades
2.1 Near Oceania (Papua New Guinea origin)
2.2 Remote Oceania (Southeast Asia origin) - All dog is Post-Lapita
3.1 Not an important hunting animal because nothing really to hunt, not for guarding or protection, just hang around where people live, eat garbage, and bite so end up just eating them like how they keep and eat pig
3.2 Because came in later had a different role (how came in not known)
5
Q
SE Asian/Pacific pigs
A
- Five species
1.1 Sus verrucosus (Javan warty hog)
1.2 Sus barbatus (Bearded pig)
1.3 Sus celebensis (Sulawesi warty pig)
1.4 Sus scrofa (Wild boar)
1.5 Sus salvanius (Pygmy hog) - Raised for food, teeth, hair
2.1 Very important so studied a lot
2.2 Teeth for money/economy
2.3 Sacred thing to care for people (Cultural evaluation for pig parts)
6
Q
Issues related to pig husbandry
A
- Fed on root crops
- Surplus required
- Storage of meat (living)
3.1 Because no fridge or freezer - Large enough island
7
Q
Pigs in the past
A
- Red circles no pigs
1.1 Easter Island
1.2 New Zealand
1.3 Norfolk
1.4 N Cooks - Yellow stars pig contact
2.1 Hawaii
2.2 Samoa
2.3 Tonga
2.4 Fiji - Blue square no pigs but found archaeologically
3.1 Tikopia
3.2 Cook Islands
3.3 Mangareva (Not enough food for pigs to raise them so stopped having them)
8
Q
Modern and Ancient Pig Genetics
A
- Three clades
1.1 Asian clade (green)
1.2 SE Asian/ Indonesian clade (grey)
1.3 Pacific clade (yellow) (Pig origin Northern Vietnam in Wallacea)
9
Q
Origins of Pacific Island Pigs
A
- Come from somewhere on SE Asia
- Not related to pigs in Taiwan even though language traces back there
- Somehow particular genotype of Asian pig became ancestor of all Pacific Island pigs
- Date to probably the Lapita period
- Marquesas, Tikopia, and Samoa archaeological samples
10
Q
Pacific Chickens
A
- Single species
1.1 Gallus gallus
1.2 Origin in SE Asia
1.3 Easy to raise and transport (Little so easy to transport)
1.4 No feeding required (Eat bugs and bits of plants and table scraps)
1.5 Lapita chickens (Vanuatu, Tonga) - Bones recovered so know Lapita
11
Q
Ancient DNA of Pacific Chickens
A
- Taken ancient bones and extracted DNA to see how related to each other
- Chile, Tonga, Samoa group
- Hawaii, Niue, Easter Island group
- Chilean chicken not actually chicken but bones of native bird so put them out
12
Q
Chicken in South America
A
- Two mtDNA lineages in Polynesia
- One later mutation
2.1 Easter Island
2.2 Colonized one time - Origins in Mainland and Island SE Asia
- Polynesians reached South America AD 600
13
Q
Commensal Species: Implications for prehistory
A
- No Taiwanese origin
- All animals pass through Wallacea
- Pig, chicken is Asian mainland
- Dog may be Wallacea
- Multiple introductions - different routes?
5.1 Rats: Lapita and post-Lapita
5.2 Pigs and Chickens: Lapita
5.3 Dog: post-Lapita
