Aotearoa

Question 1

Adaptations to a Southern Latitude

Answer 1

1. No bark cloth
2. No palm fiber
3. New food and clothing sources
4. Marine foraging much more of a focus
5. Clothing from plants and animals there
   5.1 Feathers from birds and also ate birds
   5.2 Sedges instead of palm for clothing

Question 2

Aotearoa Colonization and Settlement Debate

Answer 2

1. 1900 BP, Rattus exulans present
   1.1 No evidence of people
   1.2 Could have floated
2. 1200 BP, Pteridium fern spores increase
   2.1 Occurs in areas with wildfire and people who burn the area
   2.2 Suggest people came and burned things and then fern grew
3. 1000 BP charcoal increases
   3.1 Index of people burning forest
4. 1000-800 BP, archaeological sites
   4.1 Wairau Bar, South Island (Only site agreed that is archaeological; Look like Cook Islands when it comes to artifacts)

Question 3

“Archaic” Phase Hunting and Gathering on South Island

Answer 3

1. Moa hunting
   1.1 Birds species (Modern Kiwi and kaheke (ground birds))
   1.2 Other ones bigger and size of ostrich but went extinct which is questionable because big feet scratch you so maybe land destruction and collecting eggs
2. Seals
   2.1 Harvested in coastal settlements
3. Dispersed settlements
4. Burning forests

Question 4

Archaeological Discovery of a 600 year old canoe

Answer 4

1. 6 meters long
2. Made of native NZ pine
   2.1 Originally thought from Cook Islands
3. Hull sewn together in typical Polynesian fashion
   3.1 Drill holes on side on canoe and sew the planks together to make taller
   3.2 Fill holes with something to make sure water tight
   3.3 Multiple pieces makes it easier to replace parts and keep longer than one piece dug out canoe which when it breaks have to make whole new canoe
4. Sea turtle carved on the side
   4.1 Not common in New Zealand
   4.2 Possibly related to clan and remembered it as important and what it looks like

Question 5

North Island Population Growth, ca. 500 BP

Answer 5

1. Dense populations on North Island only
   1.1 South Island only on northern tip
2. Sweet potato
3. Fortified villages (pa)
   3.1 Build fortifications on top of mountains and make platforms for different things (Sometimes sweet potato storage pits)

Question 6

Pa sites

Answer 6

1. Very dense - all habitations ca. 500 BP and after were fortified
   1.1 Lots of them especially on coastlines

Question 7

Source of Conflict in an Open Chiefdom

Answer 7

1. Rivalry for land, status
   1.1 Focus on display (Individuals; Village-level)
   1.2 Many competing families
2. Cleared land for gardening
   2.1 Better garden higher status
3. Vengeance
   3.1 Get it on enemies
   3.2 Helps with hierarchy

Question 8

Aspects of an “Open Chiefdom”

Answer 8

1. Descent group, clan (hapu)
   1.1 Obligations for you
   1.2 Chiefs, priests, commoners (Status given to you at birth)
2. Tribal groups (Iwi)
   2.1 Iwi = bones
   2.2 Bones of ancestors
3. Conflict/competition at all levels
4. Focus on pa, food storage, display
   4.1 Skirmishes and war
   4.2 Groups showing strength and go home with no bloodshed
5. Picture
   5.1 Holding musket like a club
   5.2 Held more like dance paddle to show strength

Question 9

Marae

Answer 9

1. Meeting house
   1.1 In other places just platform with backing of ancestors but since cold here it is a house
2. Posts carved in human form, represent the ancestors
   2.1 Tattoo style markings on figures
   2.2 Have community attached to it and takes care of Marae
3. Wooden panels and a fire inside for warmth

Question 10

Historic Period: Treaty of Waitangi

Answer 10

1. 1840 treaty between Britain and Maori chiefs
   1.1 Captain cook
   1.2 Treaty is agreement on how they will treat each other
2. Two version - one in Maori, the other in English
   2.1 Land rights, property interpreted differently
   2.2 Parts of treaty abrogated (Ignored)
   2.3 2024: Bill put forward by government to reinterpret the Treaty of Waitangi (Reinterpret part makes Maori people nervous)

Question 11

Modern New Zealand

Answer 11

1. Settler economy based on colonial-era sheep and cattle farming
   1.1 Wool and milk
   1.2 Land was cleared by Maori for growing sweet potato
   1.3 Later cleared for sheep
2. Open country with no power lines

Question 12

Modern Maori Life

Answer 12

1. Maori communities are urban and rural
   1.1 North more than south
2. Work in wage-hobs, some farming
3. Struggle with impacts of colonialism
   3.1 Poverty, disease, alcoholism
4. Proposed changes to the Treaty of Waitangi could erase recent gains for Maori people
   4.1 Maori language immersion schools (Home and at school; Important to culture if can keep language; Treaty remove funding for that)
   4.2 Hunting and gathering rights
   4.3 Cultural erasure