Rapa Nui And Aotearoa

Question 1

Open Chiefdom: Rapa Nui and Aotearoa

Answer 1

1. No one chief or structure of society that led to one chief
   1.1 Lots of competition
2. Rapa Nui (Open Chiefdom)
   2.1 Struggle among families
   2.2 Hat and headgear in general

Question 2

Rapa Nui

Answer 2

1. 63 square miles
2. Distant from Mangareva, Pitcairn (1500 miles)
3. Volcanic islands, 180,000 years old
   3.1 All very old volcanos
   3.2 Lots of volcanic deposits left due to rain and weather
   3.3 Not a lot of soil with nutrients left in it
   3.4 Struggle with crops as farmer getting enough nutrients to grow
   3.5 Southern so cooler current

Question 3

Life on Rapa Nui

Answer 3

1. Originally forested with indigenous Jubea palm
   1.1 No Jubea palms left
   1.2 Only relative from South America
   1.3 Palm seed floated from there to Rapa Nui
2. Intensively cultivated
   2.1 Small space so lots of archaeological spots because whole space used
3. Rock-mulch gardens for sweet potato
   3.1 Like hydroponics with lots of pebble
   3.2 Rocks that are slowly eroding piled up and few nutrients left are exposed to elements and nutrients go to plants
   3.3 Carpeted with gravel from this
4. Chicken
   4.1 More prominent archaeological feature is chicken house
   4.2 Have them to put chickens in a spot since palms didn’t have branches to roost
5. Sea birds
   5.1 When first arrived large sea bird colonies
   5.2 Collected chicks and eggs and depleted them
6. No reef, cold water
   6.1 Cool weather, often breezes from South America
   6.2 No coral because of cold water
   6.3 Different fish species because of this
7. Crazy they found it because small island (target) 1600 miles away from any other island
8. Sweet potato introduced 13th or 14th century
   8.1 Used to cooler climate so grew well
9. Skeletons on there had South American genes
   9.1 Brought them back to Rapa Nui, women got pregnant in South America, or men from South America went there
   9.2 Pre-contact skeletons

Question 4

Colonization Debate

Answer 4

1. 1800-1200 BP, based on pollen cores
   1.1 Charcoal too
   1.2 Too old
2. 800-400 BP, based on erosion and burned
3. 800 BP, based on excavations at Anakena
   3.1 Rats nibbled the palm nuts
   3.2 Rats only get there if people brought them
   3.3 Rats ate nuts then no more trees since eating the seeds so no new generation
   3.4 Anakena one of the few sandy beaches with corals that can handle cooler weather (Boats brought through there)

Question 5

Rapa Nui Social Structure

Answer 5

1. Found from early explorers
   1.1 Bad because they brought disease that killed many of the people
2. Competing clans
   2.1 Patrilineal clan
   2.2 Compete and support person who has lineage of ruling
3. Territories (kainga)
4. Ahu (shrines) marked territories
   4.1 Ahu is a platform stone, raised, figures of ancestor serve to mark territory of the land
5. Small villages inland
   5.1 Aggregation of communities
   5.2 Work on farmland together on territory

Question 6

The Moai

Answer 6

1. 900-400 BP
   1.1 Came around same time as people
2. Represent the ancestors
   2.1 Not just a head, whole body
   2.2 Erosion put sediments around body so people think just head
3. Rano Raraku quarry
   3.1 Volcanic pluton which emerged as one block
   3.2 Have porous holes in them
   3.3 Easily cut it away
   3.4 Ones at bottom are fails that are face down or on sides but today pushed them back up
   3.5 Ones on platform are the finished ones (At Anakena had to get from quarry to there and get a hat and eyes in socket; Faced inland with backs to sea to look over the people)
4. Perhaps “walked” by rocking
   4.1 Forward lean, and put ropes on them and make them sway like fridge to spot and looks like they are walking
5. Most famous thing people know the least about
6. Arms go down sides and cross in front
7. Shaped leaving quarry different than final destination
   7.1 Forward tip when travel and trim back and bottom to make straight so that they don’t fall when moving it
   7.2 Broken ones on path to Anakena
8. Features
   8.1 Decorations: argued that it happened when they got to Ahu, back of head paddles like for canoe but designs so dance paddles, bird, waistband, front have nipple and navel and later eyes put in place (carved out or coral and red basalt in center)
   8.2 Eyes fall out and ceremony to “give the ancestors back their vision” when replace eyes

Question 7

Moai and Moai roads

Answer 7

1. All over the place
2. Some broke in half when fell
3. See roads from broken ones in transit
4. Absent in highest elevations
   4.1 Too hard to get up there
5. Absent in big crater
6. Along coastlines and some interior areas

Question 8

Raiding and Decline

Answer 8

1. 500-350 BP
2. Moai thrown down
   2.1 Fighting amongst themselves and tip over ancestor to make statement
   2.2 Maybe happened after victor won and tipped it over
   2.3 18th century arrival most knocked over and set them back up
3. Conflict
4. Starvation
   4.1 Wooden figure that shows very skinny man (1800) obviously starving, ribs showing, belly sunken, small arms and legs
   4.2 Food being paralous stories
5. Bird Man cult emerges
   5.1 Status “won” rather than “born-to”
   5.2 New religion
   5.3 Families put forward promised chief and series of events where they compete for the title (Swim to island and who got first egg and brought to chief, they became high chief)

Question 9

Jared Diamond’s “Collapse”

Answer 9

1. Parable of human destruction of the natural environment
2. How people tear down environment and therefore tear down themselves
3. Misrepresents Rapa Nui people as out of control and tear down island and themselves
   3.1 Resilience over time where manufactured land to grow food
4. Did not collapse until Europeans came

Question 10

Rapa Nui Haka Pei

Answer 10

1. Modern competition
2. Kinda like surfing but on land
3. Ride on 2 banana stocks tied together and ride it down hill
   3.1 Goal is to have the best ride

Question 11

Aotearoa (New Zealand) (Open Chiefdom)

Answer 11

1. Lots of rivals competing for territory and resources in territory
2. Currently recognized queen of Aotearoa
   2.1 From interaction with Europeans

Question 12

Maori Culture

Answer 12

1. Oral History of Voyage from the Cook Islands
   1.1 Can understand each other
2. Aotearoa = long white cloud
3. Transport of East Polynesian culture
   3.1 Replicated names from Cook Islands on Aotearoa
4. Clans and territories
   4.1 Replicated from Cook Islands again
   4.2 Voyages set of canoes each with name and came from particular community
   4.3 Set Aotearoa up like Cook Islands
5. Brought genealogies with them

Question 13

Islands

Answer 13

1. Continental relics
2. Two continental islands
   2.1 Originally connected to Antarctica
3. Temperate climate in south
   3.1 Colder, mountains
4. Sub-tropical in north
   4.1 As go north get warmer
5. Plants and animals like ones that were originally on Antarctica before in South Pole
6. Stewart Island evidence of not long occupation

Question 14

Adaptations to a Southern Latitude

Answer 14

1. No bark cloth
   1.1 Won’t grow there
2. No palm fiber
   2.1 Baskets
3. New Food and Clothing Sources
   3.1 Feathers
   3.2 Sedge grasses
   3.3 Focus on birds, marine foods, marine mammals (seals, sea lions, penguins)
4. Lots of native birds and ate them and since never seen a person probably just stood there and were easily picked up
   4.1 Robes with feathers and sedge grass make warm mat and clothes and then eat birds