Domesticates And Commensal Species Pt 3

Question 1

Domesticated Plants

Answer 1

1. Modern DNA
   1.1 Diversity of species, lineages
2. Archaeological evidence
   2.1 Pollen
   2.2 Phytoliths
   2.3 Starch grains (Cook banana or taro leaves starch; cook at high level makes jello like substance)
   2.4 Charred seeds/tubers (Stuck on inside of pots;Gives age of when something was cooked)
   2.5 Historic documents (Pressing plants in books in past and now extracting DNA from those plants to figure out evolution of it)
   2.6 Have to go through sediment to find microfossils

Question 2

Horrocks et. Al. 2008

Answer 2

1. Banana, taro, and yam starch at Kik Swamp, ca. 10,000 ya
2. Yuku Rockshelter (14,500 ya)
   2.1 Yam starch
   2.2 Banana pollen (What find most in early gardens; 2 to 10 ft in like 6 months; Get fruit very quickly and make baby plants so great to take onto other islands)
   2.3 Native forest (Pre-agriculture use of these plants)

Question 3

Plant Introductions

Answer 3

1. From West to East
   1.1 Papua New Guinea and go east see fewer and fewer
   1.2 Couldn’t carry it any farther
2. Rapid decline from Near to Remote Oceania
3. Gradual declines in taxa throughout Polynesia
   3.1 24 to Hawaii
   3.2 <10 to Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
   3.3 <10 to New Zealand
4. Not so much north and south because it gets colder and not as likely to grow in other regions
   4.1 Bring breadfruit to New Zealand but not there now because probably died because too cold

Question 4

Taro (Colocasia Esculenta)

Answer 4

1. In planters on campus
2. Natural range Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
3. Taken through most of the islands
4. Produce by cloning
   4.1 Mom has plant grow right next to it and is a baby clone of it
5. Produces flower rarely but doesn’t need sexual reproduction to reproduce
6. Sleep over period of time where cut off top and put in straw for winter and in spring replant it and it will regrow pretty well and quickly
   6.1 Most adaptable and adversible of crops

Question 5

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)

Answer 5

1. Tree
2. Natural range New Guinea
3. Micronesia and Polynesia
4. Not New Zealand (too cold) and Easter Island (too far)
5. Giant tree with lots of leaves distributed a lot won’t grow as well

Question 6

Breadfruit (Artocarpus mariannensis)

Answer 6

1. Native to Micronesia
2. Seed pods
3. Salt tolerant so probably chosen to grow in saltier areas

Question 7

Kava (Piper Methysticum)

Answer 7

1. Natural range Papua New Guinea to Vanuatu
2. Like hot weather and grows in crop
3. Latitudinal crop
4. Tahiti and Hawaii but not New Zealand

Question 8

Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera)

Answer 8

1. Barkcloth
2. First paper in Asia made out of this
3. Natural range Northern Vietnam
4. Same plant feed to silkworms
   4.1 Silk trade connected to Paper Mulberry trade
5. Seems to have been brought as part of Lapita so when people sailing through area brought plant with them
6. Only purpose is making cloth
7. Handle cooler climates because from mountainous regions
8. Go to New Zealand and Easter Island
9. Pretty much everyone tried to produce it because of trade and everyone needed clothes
   9.1 Everyone had it as a craft
10. Adaptable

Question 9

Sweet Potato

Answer 9

1. Not in Indonesia areas
2. Easter Island, East/Central Polynesia, Hawaii, and New Zealand
3. Native range South America in Andes Mountains
4. 14th to 15th century people in Polynesia went to South America and picked up sweet potato
   4.1 Similar setup as growing yams so knew a way to grow them

Question 10

Indication from plant diversity

Answer 10

1. Fiji, Solomons, Caroline Islands most diverse
   1.1 Latitude band where it is not cold
   1.2 Most diverse in area they can tolerate
2. Central/East Polynesia derived from Fiji region
   2.1 Subset
   2.2 Genetics of plants here daughter from Fiji plants
3. Remote Hawaii/Easter Island/New Zealand derived from Central Polynesia
   3.1 Environment deciding factor if have particular plant or not
   3.2 In this area plants that they can substitute for other areas (Ex: Birds feathers in New Zealand substitute for barkcloth (needed warmer clothing anyway))

Question 11

East Polynesia

Answer 11

1. Jump from Samoa/Tonga to rest of Polynesia
2. Talk of mechanics of voyaging
3. What it means with interactions
   3.1 Long distances means only one way travel to new area