Tonga And Samoa: The Polynesian Homeland “Havaiki” Pt 2

Question 1

Important Concepts/Relationships

Answer 1

1. How people relate to each other and the land
   1.1 Land is relative and take care of it
   1.2 Land takes care of you so you take care of it
2. Kainga (land)
3. Ariki (inherited chief status)
   3.1 Cannot get rid of it
   3.2 Descendants are Ariki’s too
4. Tane, Tu, Rongo, Tanaloa (gods)
   4.1 Primary forces; Tanaloa god of sea; Tane god of land/earth; Tu god of war; Rongo god of fertility and regeneration of new plants and animals; Tanaloa and Tane older gods and other two newer gods; Hawaiian Kanaloa = blue, Kane = green, Ku = red, Lond = white
5. Marae (sacred space)
   5.1 Bounded space between regular life and spaces where rituals happen
   5.2 Can be physical building or platform or stones in circle for dedicated sacred space (Tahiti is a platform with upright stones for gods to sit against it)
6. Tapu, mana, tupuna (kinds of sacredness)
   6.1 Tapu when sailers came say Tapu when things are forbidden like entering sacred space and eating food of chief
   6.2 Mana spiritual power from being Ariki and always in head
   6.3 Tupuna is word for ancestor and used sometimes to mean grandparent but mainly all ancestors; means master and has wisdom and older than you; treat them with high respect because have lots of mana (Big kahuna in Hawaiian)
7. Hawaiki (origin)
   7.1 Sacred place under ocean where they came from and will return to when die

Question 2

Tongan “Dark Ages”

Answer 2

1. 1000-700 BP
2. Pottery no longer produced
   2.1 Why thought as dark ages
3. Few sites
4. Tongan Chiefdom emerge at this time
   4.1 When chiefs have more power
   4.2 Acceleration of Tongan society
5. Tombs and mound burials
6. Crossbar stone ginormous structure to tell where N/S is and can tell where constellations are when under them if have way of telling time can tell where constellations are (somehow got them up probably with pulleys and ropes)
   6.1 Mounds around it probably burials but not uncovered because sacred
   6.2 Tongatapu basically all mounds
   6.3 Skeletons in them

Question 3

Slab Tombs - royal tombs for the Tui Tonga Dynasty

Answer 3

1. Known for being part of royal family so not excavated much because sacred
2. Each block cut piece of limestone quarried out of bank
3. Burial more like crypt with space inside socket and body placed in it
4. ~1000 years old

Question 4

The Tongan Chiefdom

Answer 4

1. Genealogy (orally recorded) for Tui Tonga back to 1000 BP
2. Last true monarchy on earth
   2.1 King Tupou V crowned in 2006 died March 2012
   2.2 King Tupou VI crowned in 2012 (brother)
3. Pigs slaughtered for the feast gifted from community to help support feast
4. King Tupou VI in picture wearing English looking monarchy robe made of weasels, Crown very classic English style, Shoes with buckle and stocking 16th-17th C style, Scepter
   4.1 Walking on Tonga ngatu so showing combination of two culture
   4.2 Crown probably has symbols that are Tongan

Question 5

Funeral of King Tupou V

Answer 5

1. Taking body to tomb
2. Coffin with cover in chiefly colors of gold and red
3. Says GvT to show which king he is (George v(5th) Tupou)
4. Platform to carry with pole bearers with black shirts and grass skirt walking on barkcloth ngatu “road”
5. Schoolgirls crying
   5.1 Told to cry
6. Professors leading procession
   6.1 All family members because very scholarly and went to Ivy League schools and wear their robes
7. Tomb makers follow procession and highly skilled especially for royals

Question 6

Archaeological Evidence for Tui Tonga Lineage

Answer 6

1. Monumental architecture
   1.1 Burial mounds (langi) (Don’t know exact age because can’t disrupt kings tombs but likely ~700 BP based on oral lineages)
   1.2 Stone uprights (Ha’amonga a maui tri lit hon (Stone structure from above)) (Perhaps marks solstice/equinox risings)

Question 7

Archaeological Evidence for Tongan Chiefdoms

Answer 7

1. Land division into districts
   1.1 Area of coastlines for fishing grounds
   1.2 Chiefly titles ties to districts (Bigger areas and more money means chiefs fought more to get/keep land)
2. Sacred ceremonial centers
   2.1 Lapaha (Mu’a tombs)
   2.1.1 Where everyone buried; Slab tombs; Same neighborhood of Nukuleka (bracelets); First village probably same space where cemetery was (Where you go back to when you die)

Question 8

Later developments outside Tonga (500-300 BP)

Answer 8

1. Junior chiefs resettle due to limited land in archipelago
   1.1 Conquest of Futuna, Wallis (Tongan archaeology on top of Futuna) (Tongan style burials there with surrounding burials of family members around king)
   1.2 Exchange with Samoa, Fiji for red feathers, basalt (Stopping point between the two islands) (Made it that spot themselves so they can spread influence on Samoa and Fiji) (Basalt from volcanic flows)
   1.3 Fortifications
   1.4 Tongan villages in Fiji (Different families marrying into each other) (Done because of trading relationships)
2. Go to surrounding islands and make them Tongan
3. Parts of Fijian language thought to have Tongan parts to them

Question 9

Samoa

Answer 9

1. Map show Samoa diagonal from Tonga
2. Separation between Samoa and American Samoa
   2.1 A Samoa has Tutuila and Manua (Manua where high chief is even though smallest; See themselves as separate because Lapita settlement there; Stop there in Moana)
   2.2 Samoa has Upolu and Savaii

Question 10

Samoa Geography

Answer 10

1. Entirely volcanic islands
2. 3.2-1.0 million years old
3. Eruptions on Savai’i 1911
   3.1 Hot springs still active but no big eruption for long time
   3.2 Rumbling but not doing too much
4. Eruptions on Tutuila ca. AD 500
   4.1 Extinct volcanisms
   4.2 Basalt around island making it steadily sink because basalt heavy
5. Looks like not a lot of beach
   5.1 Rocks then water
   5.2 Steep cliffs then drop to water
   5.3 Tuna in harbor there where factories are