Vocab #7 Flashcards
AV node
specialized cardiocytes that relay the contractile stimulus from the SA node to the bundle of His, the bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, and the ventricular myocardium
located at the boundary between the atria and ventricles
cardiac output
the rate of blood ejected by the left ventricle
usually about 5 liters/min.
coronary arteries
two arteries that branch from the aorta that supply the heart with blood
depolarization
a change in the transmembrane potential from a negative value toward 0 mV
diastle
relaxation of the left ventricle
used to measure the diastolic pressure when taking a BP
endocardium
innermost layer of the heart
comprised mostly of epithelial cells to create a smooth lining inside the chambers of the heart and created an ionic barrier between blood and cardiac tissue
erythropoietin
a hormone released by most tissues - especially the kidneys - when exposed to low oxygen concentrations
stimulates red blood cell formation in red bone marrow
mitral valve
the left atrioventricular (AV) valve
regulates blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle
myocaridum
the cardiac muscle layer of the heart
contains short, branched, single-nucleated cells
between the endocaridum and epicaridum
myocardium
the cardiac muscle layer of the heart
contains short, branched, single-nucleated cells
between the endocardium and epicardium
palpitations
heart rhythm irregularities
most often they are not serious but they can be due to an abnormal heart rhythm
pericardium
the fibrous sac that surround the heart
surround, lubricates, and protects the heart and root of the great blood vessels
composed of the parietal pericaridum and visceral pericaridum
pulmonary circuit
blood vessels between the pulmonary semilumar valve of the right ventricle and the entrance to the left atrium
the blood flow through the lungs
pulmonary valve
allows blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery (then to the lungs for reoxygenation)
a SL valve
prukinje fibers
specialized conducting cardiocytes in the ventricles of the heart
receive signal to depolarize and stimulate both ventricles to contract
repolarization
the movement of the transmembrane potential away from a positive value and toward the resting potential
S1
first heart sound
results from the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
lower frequency sound than S2
occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole
S2
results from the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves
sharper, sounder sound than S1
occurs at end of ventricular systole
S3
results from the impact of inflowing blood against a distended or incompliant ventricle in mid diastole
low-frequency sound occurring about 1/10 of a second after S2
S4
sound of the vibration of a non-compliant ventricle that is forced to accept blood during atrial systole
very closely approximated to the first heart sound
often producing, in tandem with the first heart sound, a stuttering quality
stroke volume
volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat
systemic circuit
the vessels between the aortic valve and the entrance to the right atrium
the system other than the vessels of the pulmonary circuit
carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
tricuspid valve
the right atrioventricular valve
prevents the backflow of blood into the right atrium diring ventricular systole
allows blood to enter the right ventricle from the right atrium
ventricle
a fluid-filled chamber
in the heart, one of the large chambers discharging blood into the pulmonary or systemic circuits
SA node
sinoatrial node
the natural pacemaker of the heart
situated in the wall of the right atrium
systole
a period of contraction in a chamber of the heart as part of the cardiac cycle
used to measure the systolic pressure when taking blood pressure
aberrant
deviating from the usual course, as certain ducts, vessels, or nerves
AED
automated external defibrillator
portable device that checks the heart rhythm and can send an electric shock to the heart to try and restore a normal rhythm
aueurysm
a sac filled with fluid or clotted blood that results from dilation of the wall and that can cause stenosis of the coronary artery
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
a pharmaceutical drug used primarily for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure
causes dilation of blood vessels, resulting in lower blood pressure
arrhythmia
an irregularity in the force or rhythm of the heratbeat
athlete’s heart
physiological and morphological adaptations, including decreased blood pressure and resting heart rate, that occur to an athlete as a result of ongoing exercise training
benign arrhythmias
common arrhythmias that aren’t associated with health problems
usually due to increased vagal tone and disappear with exercise in athletes
bruits
the sound of a murmur
caused by turbulent blood flow or valvular vibration
can transmit into the carotid vasculature
cardioangiography
an examination fo the heart and associated blood vessels using x-rays following the injection of a radiopaque substance
a diagnostic test used for a conclusive diagnosis of coronary artery abnormalities
claudication
a limp
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
an emergency procedure in which the heart and lungs are made to work by manually compressing the chest overlying the heart and forcing air into the lungs
used if someone loses circulation
electrocardiogram
a graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart
used to evaluate cardiac function and to diagnose arrhythmias and other disorders
records the electrical impulse that stimulates the heart as two phenomena
-depolarization: the spread of electricity through the cardiac muscle)
-repolarization: the return of the stimulated heart to rest
electrophoresis
used to confirm the presence of the sickle cell trait
movement of charged suspended particles through a liquid medium as a result of a change in the surrounding electrical field
embolism
a mass that travels in the bloodstream, lodges in a blood vessel, and obstructs it
interrupts gas exchange between blood vessels and can lead to death if not dissolved
hyperlipidemia
presence of excess lipids in the plasma
can lead to peripheral arterial disease
hypertrophy
an enlargement of an organ or tissue as a result of an increase in the size of the cells
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an abnormally hypertrophied by nondilated left ventricle in the absence of physiological conditions such as physical training and is the leading cause of cardiac sudden death in athletes in the US
murmur
a sound heard through a stethoscope that is caused by turbulent blood flow or valvular vibration
myocardial bridging
a coronary artery that is surrounded by myocardium for a portion of its course
seen in up to 25% of heart at the time of autopsy after sudden death and usually involves the left anterior descending artery
myocardial ischemia
insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle via the coronary arteries
orthostatic syncope
fainting that occurs after lying sitting and then moving to a standing position
occurs as the BP is slow to respond to the stress of upright posture
polycythemia
a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood
results in thickened blood, reduced blood flow, and an increased danged of clot formation with the circulatory system
may accompany congenital heart disease
tachycardia
a rapid heart rate, especially one above 100 beats per minute in an adult
can be a precursor to hypertension
venography
radiography of veins after injection of a radiopaque substance
gold standard for judging diagnostic imaging methods for deep venous thrombosis
