Medical Issues Exam #3 Study Guide Flashcards

Question

difference between solid and hollow organs

Answer 1

``` skin changes diaphoresis hyperhydrosis body or breath odor polydipsia and polyuria arthralgia and amalgia muscle atrophy and weakness amenorrhea change in mental status praesthesia edema polyphagia (increased hunger) postural (orthostatic) hypotension lethargy and fatigue no pain ```

Answer 2

``` etiology -excess of thyroid hormone -impairs glucose metabolism S/S -core body temperature increases -heart rate response to exercise --greater than normal Tx -medication -radiation -possible removal of gland ```

Answer 3

``` second most common endocrine disorder etiology -dificiency of T3 an dT4 -decreased cardiac output -decreased O2 and glucose available during exercise S/S -dry skin -myalgia -edema -constipation -slowed cognition -weakness -bilateral paresthesia -bradycardia -poor circulation Tx -thyroid replacement therapy ```

Answer 4

``` most common form of hyperthyroidism S/S -tremors -weakness -difficulty swallowing or speaking -fatigue -tics -enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) -heat intolerance -nervousness -sweating -weight loss ```

Answer 5

``` severity -earliest, least severe heat illness S/S -cramps -particularly in large muscles in the legs and trunk -fatigue -thirst -sweating Tx -removal from heat ```

Answer 6

``` S/S -fainting due to heat -pale skin -decreased HR -elevated body temp Tx -cool person down -remove from heat -elevate legs -check vitals often ```

Answer 7

``` S/S -<103 F -profuse sweating -increased HR -increased respiration rate -decreased blood pressure -headache -nausea -fatigue -weakness/dizziness Tx -rapid cooling -dehydration ```

Answer 8

S/S -clammy skin -BOOK Tx

Answer 9

``` Na levels drop - excessive hydration S/S -similar to heat stroke -nausea -impaired cognition -loss of consciousness -seizures Tx -refer -administer Na ```

Answer 10

``` "juvenile diabetes" autoimmune disease inability to regulate blood glucose S/S -polydipsia -polyuria -polyphagia -weight loss Dx -lab results must be positive on multiple days for a diagnosis commonly diagnosed before 25 management -insulin long-term health concerns -CVD -delayed wound healing -peripheral neuropathy ```

Answer 11

``` etiology -decreased insulin receptor sensitivity -blood glucose remains elevated predictors obesity -family history S/S -polydipsia -polyuria -complications -hyperlipidemia -arteriosclerosis -chronic infection -bone changes ```

Answer 12

``` low blood glucose levels common with type I diabetes <70 mg/dL S/S sudden onset -hunger -decreased performance -slurred speech -autonomic signs (pallor, diaphoresis, tachycardia, tremors) -confusion -headache -blurred vision -dizziness -fatigue Tx -give them sugar ```

Answer 13

``` names -diabetic coma -ketoacidosis level ->200 mg/dL S/S -gradual onset -thirst -dehydration -loss of consciousness -abdominal pain -fruity odor on breath -lethargy -confusion Tx -remove from activity -insulin ```

Answer 14

blood glucose monitoring guidelines -frequency of monitoring and pre-exercise exclusion values insulin therapy guidelines -type of insulin, dosages and adjustment strategies list of other medications for glycemic control guidelines for hypoglycemia recognition and treatment -prevention, S/S, Tx -how to use glucagon guidelines for hyperglycemia recognition and treatment -prevention, S/S, Tx of hyperglycemia and ketosis emergency contact info athletes with diabetes should have a medic alert tag with them at all times

Answer 15

coach health professionals -school nurse and administrators (child)

Answer 16

exaggerated hyperglycemic response to injury | -can lead to infection, poor wound and fracture healing

Answer 17

``` cardiovascular -myocardial infarction -stroke -peripheral arterial disease retinopathy nephropathy neuropathy ```

Answer 18

``` hematuria changes in urinary habits nipple discharge hypertension anemia sexual dysfunction menstrual irregularities pain ```

Answer 19

best method -clean catch mid stream needs to be tested within the hour catheter can be used - comes with risks

Answer 20

``` cloudy -contains red or white blood cells, bacteria, fat, mucous, digestive fluids or pus from the bladder or kidney infection odor -foul smelling - UTI -fruity - diabetes, starvation and dehydration specific gravity -1.0005 - 1.0035 PH - normal is 4.5 - 8.0 ```

Answer 21

``` S/S -direct blow to middle/lower back -tenderness ribs 10 - 12 -blood in urine (emergency referral) Tx -treated with meds not surgery ```

Answer 22

``` etiology -bacterial infection -more common in sexually active females S/S -dysuria -increased frequency -scanty flow -back pain red flags -gross hematuria -abnormal vaginal bleeding -fever Tx -urinalysis and referral is often needed -analgesics and antipruretics need to determine cause before treatment (bacterial, fungal, parasite, yeast) ```

Answer 23

kidney stones etiology -forms due to excess salt, calcium or uric acid in the kidney filtrate -when stones get big enough to block urine flow pain begins -not usually any trauma S/S -pain in abdomen and lower back radiating to anterior thigh -vomiting -pallor -tachycardia and signs of shock Tx -small stones treated with medication and good hydration to pass -large stones --fragmented with light sound or shock proper diet/hydration decreases chances

Answer 24

S/S -due to chronic or acute inflammation (prostatitis) likelihood increases with age etiology -most commonly due to infection, but cancer and urogenital disease as well S/S -dysuria -increased volume or frequency or urination and nocturia -dull ache in low back/scrotum

Answer 25

``` etiology -spermatic cord twists, compressing veins and arteries to the testicles S/S -nausea and vomiting -abdominal pain -scrotal swelling -tender testicle -elevated bilaterally Tx -manual detorsion is successful 30-70% of the time -6 hours from the onset of pain treatment will result in 80-100% salvage -12+ hours 0% salvage ```

Answer 26

``` etiology -fluid collection along the scrotal sac or along spermatic cord rate -6% of adult men S/S -asymptomatic -possible aching/fullness RTP -not limited if asymptomatic ```

Answer 27

-valves in the veins fail -veins stretch, get bigger or become swollen S/S -feels like a "bag or worms" -dull ache and heaviness in scrotum RTP -no participation risks

Answer 28

failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum during development

Answer 29

S/S -nodule in testicle is palpable -unilateral testicular swelling -pain in testicle -rare occasions - breast tenderness and heaviness and aching in the scrotum Tx -removal of testicle and spermatic cord (orchiectomy) -chemo and/or radiation therapy RTP -based on symptoms during treatment and physician orders -wearing a cup[ is mandatory to protect remaining testicle

Answer 30

``` cause -bacteria S/S -men --discomfort in the urethra --moving quickly to dysuria and a purulent, yellow-green urethral discharge -women --less severe --dysuria --frequency of voiding --vaginal discharge Tx -antibiotics often occurs with chlamydia ```

Answer 31

``` cause -bacteria S/S -urethral discharge -dysuria -fever -meatal itching red flags -infertility -ectopic pregnancy -chronic pelvic pain -epididymitis -male urethral infections Tx -antibiotics (tetracycline) -report to health authority ```

Answer 32

``` cause -bacteria S/S -4 stages --primary stage: infectious ---chancre (sore) at point of contact with infected person ---3-8 weeks --secondary stage ---dermatological presentations, including rash and mucous membrane erosion, CSF abnormalities --latent stage ---reappearance of infectious lesions --late, or tertiary, stage ---symptomatic but not contagious, cardiovascular syphilis marked by aortic insufficiency, coronary stenosis, aortic aneurysm Tx -primary and secondary --full sexual history (partners 3 months primary; 12 months secondary) -antibiotic (penicillin) ```

Answer 33

``` cause -human papillomavirus S/S -genital warts look like common warts -found in warm, moist areas of the body --women: vulva, vaginal walls, cervix, and perineum --men: urethra, penile shaft Tx -removal by electrocauterization, cryotherapy, laser, or surgical excision ```

Answer 34

``` cause -virus S/S -mimic the flu -fever, sore throat -lymphadenopathy -malaise -visicles on an erythematous base -early stages are often confused with ringworm, impetigo, acne, and eczema Tx -oral antiviral medications ```

Answer 35

``` etiology -when endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus -between ages of 30-40 S/S -dysmenorrhea -increased discharge volume and menstruation -dysparenunia -dysuria -pain with bowel movements -back pain -leading cause of infertility Tx -hormone and pain therapy (progesterone) -occasionally surgical intervention ```

Answer 36

``` etiology -when ovum attaches outside uterus, usually in fallopian tube -normal signs of pregnancy -once large enough, tube ruptures causing severe hemorrhaging S/S -low back pain -low quadrant tenderness -vaginal bleeding -syncope -shock babywill die no matter what surgery is to save the mother ```

Answer 37

``` avoid supine positions no heavy weight lifting discourage valsalva maneuver no activities that involve risk of falling avoid contact sports after the 14th week no hot tubs/whirlpools no scuba diving if previous medical condition (diabetes, hypertension, cervical defects) then Dr. will need to decide about physical activity ```

Answer 38

``` types -infection of the cervix, uterus, or fallopian tubes -chlamydia and gonorrhea are the most common culprits S/S -abdominal pain -high-grade fever -nausea -abnormal vaginal discharge complications -infertility -ectopic pregnancy -chronic pelvic pain Tx -antibiotics ```

Answer 39

``` etiology -fibrous cysts or fluid filled sacs can form within urogenital system -may cause unusual bleeding or interference with menstrual cycle and estrogen production if rupture -internal hemorrhaging -abdominal pain -peritenosis -shock -sometimes death ```

Answer 40

components -amenorrhea (any menstrual irregularity) -disordered eating (overall energy availability) -osteoporosis related -disordered eating and exercise can lead to amenorrhea and osteoporosis

Answer 41

``` S/S -no reliable S/S in early prostate cancer -fatigue -weight loss -hematuria -urinary retention -urinary incontinence -back pain Tx -radiation and hormone therapy -radiation to metastasized areas as needed RTP -during treatment is okay if they feel well enough and no significant side effects ```