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Medical Issues in Athletic Training > Medical Issues Vocab #4 > Flashcards

Medical Issues Vocab #4 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

  • composition
  • functions
A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

integrates, processes, and coordinates sensory data and motor commands

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2
Q

PNS

  • composition
  • functions
A

composed of the cranial and spinal nerves
functions
-delivers sensory info to the CNS
-carries motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems

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3
Q

neurons

A

functional unit of the nervous system that sends and receives signals

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4
Q

skull

A

bony framework of the head that encloses the brain and supports the face
composition
-cerebral cranium (protects brain and brainstem)
-anterior facial body structure

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5
Q

cerebral cranium

  • function
  • bones
A 
function
-protects the brain and brainstem
bones
-frontal
-two temporal
-two parietal
-occipital
-sphenoid
-ethmoid
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6
Q

facial skeleton bones

A 
mandible
two zygomatic
two maxillary
two nasal
anterior bones of the head
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7
Q

meninges

-function

A

three layers surrounding the spinal cord and brain
act as a protective covering
act as a support structure for the brain
pathway for blood flow

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8
Q

dura mater

-functions

A

outermost layer of the meninges
thick, tough, fibrous layer
forms structures that separate the cranial cavity into compartments
protects the brain from displacement

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9
Q

arachnoid membrane

  • separated from dura by…
  • contains
  • function
A

middle layers of the meninges
separated from dura mater by subdural space
contains lymphatic fluid
acts to reduce friction between the dura and pia mater

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10
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer of the meninges
very thin
adheres directly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

  • function
  • generated in…
A

protets the four ventricles of the brain, the subarachnoid space, and the spinal canal
generated in the choroid plexus

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12
Q

cerebrum

  • divisions
  • composition
  • contains…
A

largest major region of the brain
divided into two cerebral hemispheres and further into four lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital
composed of neural tissue
contains the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia

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13
Q

aphasia

A

neurological condition resulting in impaired speech

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14
Q

brainstem

-functions

A 
portion of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord and comprises the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and parts of the hypothalamus
function
-controls reflexes and essential internal mechanisms such as respiration and heartbeat
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15
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

three large bundles of nerve fibers conducting information between the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

medulla oblongata

-functions

A

relay point between the diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
contains major control centers for regulation of cardiovascular activity, respiration, and digestion

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17
Q

pons

-functions

A

connects the cerebellum with the midbrain
serves as a relay point between the diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
helps with involuntary control of respiration

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18
Q

midbrain

-functions

A

processes visual and auditory responses
generates involuntary motor responses such as reflexes to sudden visual and auditory stimuli
produces dopamine
-affects consciousness, motivation, and alertness

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19
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle contraction

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20
Q

autonomic nervous system

  • functions
  • divisions
A

provides involuntary automatic regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions
divisions
-sympathetic division
-parasympathetic division

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21
Q

somatic nervous system functions

A

provides a stimulating effect

  • increases HR and breathing
  • dilated blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscles and constricts them in the gastrointestinal tract
  • dilated the bronchial passages
  • dilates the pupils
  • erects the hair for protection and display
  • increases sweat secretion
  • mobilizes glucose
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22
Q

parasymphathetic nervous system functions

A

provides a relaxing effect

  • constricts the pupils
  • decreases HR
  • increases gastrointestinal peristalsis and secretion
  • expels wastes
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23
Q

cerebellum

  • location
  • composition
  • functions
A

location
-dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata
composition
-two hemispheres connected by the vermis
functions
-controls function in the higher level coordination of voluntary movements and in the maintenance of balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone

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24
Q

spinal cord

  • functions
  • divided into…
A

body’s communication system
-transmits nerve impulses to the brain from the spinal nerves that innervate sensory organs and muscles
divided into white and gray matter

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25
gray matter - composition - organized
consists of unmyelinated neurons or nerve cells | organized in functional groups known as somatic or visceral nuclei
26
white matter
contain myelinated axons of neurons | surrounds the gray matter and consists of the ventral, later, and dorsal columns
27
upper motor neuron | -S/S of damage
a motor neuron whose cell body is located in the motor area of the cerebral cortex and whose processes connect with motor nuclei in the brainstem or the anterior horn of the spinal cord pertain to the brain or spinal cord damage to these structures presents as weakness, paralysis, increased muscle tone, spasticity, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, and the presence of Babinski's reflex do not typically regenerate
28
lower motor neuron (final motor neuron)
motor neuron whose cell body is located in the brainstem or the spinal cord and whose axon innervates skeletal muscle fibers relate to nerve cell bodies or axons or both located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves damage to these nerves causes decreased muscle tone, flaccidity, diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes, muscular twitching, and progressive atrophy of the affected muscles
29
dorsal root
contain sensory fibers carrying pain and temperature information from the muscles contain axons from muscle spindles and skin and joint mechanorecpetors
30
ventral root
composed primarily of motor neuron fibers from skeletal muscle, as well as muscle spindle fibers, autonomic axons, and axons carrying thoracic and abdominal visceral sensory information
31
dermatome
the area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve | clinically significant in diagnosing the sensory area of nerve injury
32
myotome
muscle or group of muscles supplied by one ventral nerve
33
hypotonia
loss of muscle tone
34
hypertonia
increase in muscle tone
35
ataxia
incoordination of voluntary movement
36
nystagmus
involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes
37
dysmetria
the inability or impaired ability to accurately control the range of movement in muscular acts
38
dysdiachokinesia
difficulty performing rapidly alternating movements
39
agnosia
inability to recognize and interpret sensory stimuli (CVA)
40
agraphia
inability to express thoughts in writing (CVA)
41
allodynia
sensitivity or pain to non-painful stimuli (CRPS)
42
anisocoria
pupil size inequality of 0.5 to 2.0 mm (neurological disease)
43
aphasia
impaired comprehension or expression of written or spoken language - CVA - encephalitis - dysphasia - head trauma
44
apraxia
inability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of weakness, sensory loss, coordination, or lack of comprehension -CVA
45
ataxia
incoordination of voluntary movement - CVA - head trauma - GBS - MS
46
aura
sensory or motor phenomenon that indicates the start of a seizure or an impending classical migraine - migraine - seizure
47
decerebrate rigidity
abnormal extensor responses in the upper and lower limbs | -cerebral cortex trauma
48
decorticate rigidity
abnormal flexor response in the upper extremity and extensor response in the lower extremity - CVA - head trauma - cerebellum trauma
49
deep tendon reflexes
abnormally brisk muscle contraction with tapping hyperactive on the muscle tendon -CVA -trauma abnormally slow muscle contraction with tapping hypoactive on the muscle tendon -GBS
50
diplopia
double vision - CVA - encephalitis - MS - head trauma - migraine
51
dysarthria
impaired articulation - CVA - MS
52
fasciculations
irregular contraction of groups of muscle fibers | -GBS
53
footdrop
plantar flexion of the foot caused by impaired ability to dorsiflex the foot - CVA - MS - GBS
54
hemianopia
loss of vision in one half of the visual field | -CVA
55
hyperesthesia
increased sensitivity to touch, pain, and temperature - CVA - CRPS
56
incontinence
involuntaryloss of urine or feces - CVA - MS - head trauma
57
Kernig's sign
with a patient in the supine position and leg flexion, there is resistance and pain with leg extension - meningitis - SAH
58
level of consciousness
reduced alertness ranging from lethargy to stupor - CVA - ebcephalitis - head trauma - bleeds, seizure, meningitis
59
light flashes
bright stars, streaks, or spots in the visual field - migraine - head trauma
60
miosis
unilateral constriction of a pupil | -cluster headache
61
muscle atrophy
wasting of muscle size - CVA - MS
62
mental flaccidity
profound weakness with lack of active muscle movement and resistance - CVA - GBS - seizures
63
muscle spasticity
increased resistance to movement - CVA - MS - head trauma
64
muscle weakness
reduced muscle strength - CVA - MS - head trauma - GBS - seizure
65
myoclonus
spasms of a muscle or group of muscles | -viral encephalitis
66
nuchal rigidity
profound stiffness of the neck with flexion - meningitis - encephalitis - head trauma - bleeds
67
nystagmus
involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes - CVA - MS - encephalitis - head trauma - meningitis
68
ocular deviation
abnormal movement of one or both eyes - CVA - MS - encephalitis - head trauma - meningitis
69
paralysis
complete loss of voluntary movement - CVA - MS - encephalitis - head truama - meningitis
70
paralysis
complete loss of voluntary movement - CVA - encephalitis - MS - migraine - seizure - head trauma - bleeds
71
paresthesia
abnormal sensation in the distribution of peripheral nerves - CVA - GBS - migraine - MS - head trauma - seizure
72
photophobia
increased sensitivity to light - meningitis - migraine
73
ptosis
drooping of the upper eyelid | -migraine
74
rhinorrhea
loss of thin mucus from the nasal passages | -cluster headache
75
Romberg's sign
impaired balance with eyes closed and feet together | -MS
76
scotoma
focal area of darkness or blindness in the visual field | -migraine
77
tremors
rhythmical shaking of an extremity from involuntary contraction and relaxation of opposing muscles -MS
78
look at concussion stuff
management, complications
79
potential complications
subdural hematoma epidural hematoma post concussion syndrome
80
epilepsy
chronic condition consisting of unprovoked, randomly recurring seizures
81
epilepsy exercise contraindications
high-risk sports such as gymnastics, high diving, sky diving, rock climbing, and motor sports water events while alone
82
epilepsy precautions with activity
noncontact sports such as archery, riflery, swimming, weight-lifting events and activities involving height are worrisome always have another person around while performing water activities
83
benefits of activity for epilepsy
seizure prevalence is reduced during exercise studies demonstrate that abnormalities on an EEG are reduced during exercise overall wellness and a sense of well-being reduce seizure frequency
84
multiple sclerosis
neurodegenerative, life-long chronic disease characterized by the gradual accumulation of focal plaques of demyelination in the brain
85
MS causes
autoimmune disease precise cause remians unknown but MS develops in genetically susceptible individuals who reside in certain permissive environments
86
nervous system parts affected by MS
myelinated cells of the brain are destroyed and replaced by hard sclerotic tissue PNS not affected
87
MS S/S
no cure two types of treatment -modify the course of the disease -symptom management
88
Guillain-Barre' syndrome
acute, diffuse demyelinating disorder of the spinal roots and peripheral nerves characterized by bilateral muscle weakness or even paralysis initiating in the legs
89
GBS causes
autoimmune syndrome specific lymphocytes are thought to produce antibodies against components of the myelin sheath and may contribute to destruction of myelin
90
GBS nervous system parts affected
spinal roots and peripheral nerves
91
GBS S/S
distal muscle weakness and loss of deep tendon reflexes that occurs bilaterally areflexia afebrile state pain with slightest movement of affected area nocturnal muscular cramps
92
GBS treatment
no cure therapies aim to lessen the severity of the symptoms, accelerate the rate of recovery and manage complication of the symdrome corticosteroids have been shown to work

Medical Issues in Athletic Training (26 decks)

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