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Medical Issues in Athletic Training > Medical Issues Vocab #4 > Flashcards

Medical Issues Vocab #4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

CNS

  • composition
  • functions
A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

integrates, processes, and coordinates sensory data and motor commands

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2
Q

PNS

  • composition
  • functions
A

composed of the cranial and spinal nerves
functions
-delivers sensory info to the CNS
-carries motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems

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3
Q

neurons

A

functional unit of the nervous system that sends and receives signals

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4
Q

skull

A

bony framework of the head that encloses the brain and supports the face
composition
-cerebral cranium (protects brain and brainstem)
-anterior facial body structure

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5
Q

cerebral cranium

  • function
  • bones
A 
function
-protects the brain and brainstem
bones
-frontal
-two temporal
-two parietal
-occipital
-sphenoid
-ethmoid
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6
Q

facial skeleton bones

A 
mandible
two zygomatic
two maxillary
two nasal
anterior bones of the head
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7
Q

meninges

-function

A

three layers surrounding the spinal cord and brain
act as a protective covering
act as a support structure for the brain
pathway for blood flow

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8
Q

dura mater

-functions

A

outermost layer of the meninges
thick, tough, fibrous layer
forms structures that separate the cranial cavity into compartments
protects the brain from displacement

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9
Q

arachnoid membrane

  • separated from dura by…
  • contains
  • function
A

middle layers of the meninges
separated from dura mater by subdural space
contains lymphatic fluid
acts to reduce friction between the dura and pia mater

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10
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer of the meninges
very thin
adheres directly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

  • function
  • generated in…
A

protets the four ventricles of the brain, the subarachnoid space, and the spinal canal
generated in the choroid plexus

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12
Q

cerebrum

  • divisions
  • composition
  • contains…
A

largest major region of the brain
divided into two cerebral hemispheres and further into four lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital
composed of neural tissue
contains the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia

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13
Q

aphasia

A

neurological condition resulting in impaired speech

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14
Q

brainstem

-functions

A 
portion of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord and comprises the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and parts of the hypothalamus
function
-controls reflexes and essential internal mechanisms such as respiration and heartbeat
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15
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

three large bundles of nerve fibers conducting information between the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

medulla oblongata

-functions

A

relay point between the diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
contains major control centers for regulation of cardiovascular activity, respiration, and digestion

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17
Q

pons

-functions

A

connects the cerebellum with the midbrain
serves as a relay point between the diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
helps with involuntary control of respiration

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18
Q

midbrain

-functions

A

processes visual and auditory responses
generates involuntary motor responses such as reflexes to sudden visual and auditory stimuli
produces dopamine
-affects consciousness, motivation, and alertness

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19
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle contraction

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20
Q

autonomic nervous system

  • functions
  • divisions
A

provides involuntary automatic regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions
divisions
-sympathetic division
-parasympathetic division

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21
Q

somatic nervous system functions

A

provides a stimulating effect

  • increases HR and breathing
  • dilated blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscles and constricts them in the gastrointestinal tract
  • dilated the bronchial passages
  • dilates the pupils
  • erects the hair for protection and display
  • increases sweat secretion
  • mobilizes glucose
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22
Q

parasymphathetic nervous system functions

A

provides a relaxing effect

  • constricts the pupils
  • decreases HR
  • increases gastrointestinal peristalsis and secretion
  • expels wastes
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23
Q

cerebellum

  • location
  • composition
  • functions
A

location
-dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata
composition
-two hemispheres connected by the vermis
functions
-controls function in the higher level coordination of voluntary movements and in the maintenance of balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone

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24
Q

spinal cord

  • functions
  • divided into…
A

body’s communication system
-transmits nerve impulses to the brain from the spinal nerves that innervate sensory organs and muscles
divided into white and gray matter

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25
Q

gray matter

  • composition
  • organized
A

consists of unmyelinated neurons or nerve cells

organized in functional groups known as somatic or visceral nuclei

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26
Q

white matter

A

contain myelinated axons of neurons

surrounds the gray matter and consists of the ventral, later, and dorsal columns

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27
Q

upper motor neuron

-S/S of damage

A

a motor neuron whose cell body is located in the motor area of the cerebral cortex and whose processes connect with motor nuclei in the brainstem or the anterior horn of the spinal cord
pertain to the brain or spinal cord
damage to these structures presents as weakness, paralysis, increased muscle tone, spasticity, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, and the presence of Babinski’s reflex
do not typically regenerate

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28
Q

lower motor neuron (final motor neuron)

A

motor neuron whose cell body is located in the brainstem or the spinal cord and whose axon innervates skeletal muscle fibers
relate to nerve cell bodies or axons or both
located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves
damage to these nerves causes decreased muscle tone, flaccidity, diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes, muscular twitching, and progressive atrophy of the affected muscles

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29
Q

dorsal root

A

contain sensory fibers carrying pain and temperature information from the muscles
contain axons from muscle spindles and skin and joint mechanorecpetors

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30
Q

ventral root

A

composed primarily of motor neuron fibers from skeletal muscle, as well as muscle spindle fibers, autonomic axons, and axons carrying thoracic and abdominal visceral sensory information

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31
Q

dermatome

A

the area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve

clinically significant in diagnosing the sensory area of nerve injury

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32
Q

myotome

A

muscle or group of muscles supplied by one ventral nerve

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33
Q

hypotonia

A

loss of muscle tone

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34
Q

hypertonia

A

increase in muscle tone

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35
Q

ataxia

A

incoordination of voluntary movement

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36
Q

nystagmus

A

involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes

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37
Q

dysmetria

A

the inability or impaired ability to accurately control the range of movement in muscular acts

38
Q

dysdiachokinesia

A

difficulty performing rapidly alternating movements

39
Q

agnosia

A

inability to recognize and interpret sensory stimuli (CVA)

40
Q

agraphia

A

inability to express thoughts in writing (CVA)

41
Q

allodynia

A

sensitivity or pain to non-painful stimuli (CRPS)

42
Q

anisocoria

A

pupil size inequality of 0.5 to 2.0 mm (neurological disease)

43
Q

aphasia

A

impaired comprehension or expression of written or spoken language

  • CVA
  • encephalitis
  • dysphasia
  • head trauma
44
Q

apraxia

A

inability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of weakness, sensory loss, coordination, or lack of comprehension
-CVA

45
Q

ataxia

A

incoordination of voluntary movement

  • CVA
  • head trauma
  • GBS
  • MS
46
Q

aura

A

sensory or motor phenomenon that indicates the start of a seizure or an impending classical migraine

  • migraine
  • seizure
47
Q

decerebrate rigidity

A

abnormal extensor responses in the upper and lower limbs

-cerebral cortex trauma

48
Q

decorticate rigidity

A

abnormal flexor response in the upper extremity and extensor response in the lower extremity

  • CVA
  • head trauma
  • cerebellum trauma
49
Q

deep tendon reflexes

A

abnormally brisk muscle contraction with tapping
hyperactive on the muscle tendon
-CVA
-trauma
abnormally slow muscle contraction with tapping
hypoactive on the muscle tendon
-GBS

50
Q

diplopia

A

double vision

  • CVA
  • encephalitis
  • MS
  • head trauma
  • migraine
51
Q

dysarthria

A

impaired articulation

  • CVA
  • MS
52
Q

fasciculations

A

irregular contraction of groups of muscle fibers

-GBS

53
Q

footdrop

A

plantar flexion of the foot caused by impaired ability to dorsiflex the foot

  • CVA
  • MS
  • GBS
54
Q

hemianopia

A

loss of vision in one half of the visual field

-CVA

55
Q

hyperesthesia

A

increased sensitivity to touch, pain, and temperature

  • CVA
  • CRPS
56
Q

incontinence

A

involuntaryloss of urine or feces

  • CVA
  • MS
  • head trauma
57
Q

Kernig’s sign

A

with a patient in the supine position and leg flexion, there is resistance and pain with leg extension

  • meningitis
  • SAH
58
Q

level of consciousness

A

reduced alertness ranging from lethargy to stupor

  • CVA
  • ebcephalitis
  • head trauma - bleeds, seizure, meningitis
59
Q

light flashes

A

bright stars, streaks, or spots in the visual field

  • migraine
  • head trauma
60
Q

miosis

A

unilateral constriction of a pupil

-cluster headache

61
Q

muscle atrophy

A

wasting of muscle size

  • CVA
  • MS
62
Q

mental flaccidity

A

profound weakness with lack of active muscle movement and resistance

  • CVA
  • GBS
  • seizures
63
Q

muscle spasticity

A

increased resistance to movement

  • CVA
  • MS
  • head trauma
64
Q

muscle weakness

A

reduced muscle strength

  • CVA
  • MS
  • head trauma
  • GBS
  • seizure
65
Q

myoclonus

A

spasms of a muscle or group of muscles

-viral encephalitis

66
Q

nuchal rigidity

A

profound stiffness of the neck with flexion

  • meningitis
  • encephalitis
  • head trauma - bleeds
67
Q

nystagmus

A

involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes

  • CVA
  • MS
  • encephalitis
  • head trauma
  • meningitis
68
Q

ocular deviation

A

abnormal movement of one or both eyes

  • CVA
  • MS
  • encephalitis
  • head trauma
  • meningitis
69
Q

paralysis

A

complete loss of voluntary movement

  • CVA
  • MS
  • encephalitis
  • head truama
  • meningitis
70
Q

paralysis

A

complete loss of voluntary movement

  • CVA
  • encephalitis
  • MS
  • migraine
  • seizure
  • head trauma - bleeds
71
Q

paresthesia

A

abnormal sensation in the distribution of peripheral nerves

  • CVA
  • GBS
  • migraine
  • MS
  • head trauma
  • seizure
72
Q

photophobia

A

increased sensitivity to light

  • meningitis
  • migraine
73
Q

ptosis

A

drooping of the upper eyelid

-migraine

74
Q

rhinorrhea

A

loss of thin mucus from the nasal passages

-cluster headache

75
Q

Romberg’s sign

A

impaired balance with eyes closed and feet together

-MS

76
Q

scotoma

A

focal area of darkness or blindness in the visual field

-migraine

77
Q

tremors

A

rhythmical shaking of an extremity from involuntary contraction and relaxation of opposing muscles
-MS

78
Q

look at concussion stuff

A

management, complications

79
Q

potential complications

A

subdural hematoma
epidural hematoma
post concussion syndrome

80
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic condition consisting of unprovoked, randomly recurring seizures

81
Q

epilepsy exercise contraindications

A

high-risk sports such as gymnastics, high diving, sky diving, rock climbing, and motor sports
water events while alone

82
Q

epilepsy precautions with activity

A

noncontact sports such as archery, riflery, swimming, weight-lifting events and activities involving height are worrisome
always have another person around while performing water activities

83
Q

benefits of activity for epilepsy

A

seizure prevalence is reduced during exercise
studies demonstrate that abnormalities on an EEG are reduced during exercise
overall wellness and a sense of well-being reduce seizure frequency

84
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

neurodegenerative, life-long chronic disease characterized by the gradual accumulation of focal plaques of demyelination in the brain

85
Q

MS causes

A

autoimmune disease
precise cause remians unknown but MS develops in genetically susceptible individuals who reside in certain permissive environments

86
Q

nervous system parts affected by MS

A

myelinated cells of the brain are destroyed and replaced by hard sclerotic tissue
PNS not affected

87
Q

MS S/S

A

no cure
two types of treatment
-modify the course of the disease
-symptom management

88
Q

Guillain-Barre’ syndrome

A

acute, diffuse demyelinating disorder of the spinal roots and peripheral nerves characterized by bilateral muscle weakness or even paralysis initiating in the legs

89
Q

GBS causes

A

autoimmune syndrome
specific lymphocytes are thought to produce antibodies against components of the myelin sheath and may contribute to destruction of myelin

90
Q

GBS nervous system parts affected

A

spinal roots and peripheral nerves

91
Q

GBS S/S

A

distal muscle weakness and loss of deep tendon reflexes that occurs bilaterally
areflexia
afebrile state
pain with slightest movement of affected area
nocturnal muscular cramps

92
Q

GBS treatment

A

no cure
therapies aim to lessen the severity of the symptoms, accelerate the rate of recovery and manage complication of the symdrome
corticosteroids have been shown to work

Medical Issues in Athletic Training (26 decks)

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