Medical Issues Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards
heart failure
decrease in cardiac output -heart has developed an insufficient heart pump hear failure can be -left -right -acute -chronic acute is immediately life threatening chronic heart failure displays gradual but systemic failure
heart failure S/S
cyanosis
shortness of breath
low BP
myocardial ischemia
- S/S
- may be cause by
decreased blood supply to the myocardium S/S -angina -dyspnea -snycope coronary artery disease can cause this -the myocardium can become ischemic and necrotic causing a myocardial infarction
myocardial infarction
-S/S
most MI's happen during moderate to heavy activity S/S -angina -fatigue -dizziness -syncope quick response and referral is necessary
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
enlargement of the heart -general -left ventricle leads to -heart failure -ischemic damage -fatal arrhythmia pathological -LV wall thickness > 15mm leading cause of SCD
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy S/S
syncope angina dyspnea murmur that increases with Valsalva Maneuver family history
valve disorders
- stenosis or prolapse
- sports participation
stenosis or prolapse -stenosis: narrowing of the valve; restricts blood flow -prolapse: allows backflow of blood often allowed to participate in sports may result in arrhythmias -withheld from sports
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
most common valve abnormality
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)
intermittently rapid resting HR (>150 bpm)
attack: palpitations, anxiety, dyspnea, chest pain, syncope
may last several minutes or hours
not dangerous
Marfan’s Syndrome
genetic defect that leads to abnormalities in the body's connective tissue signs -tall stature and long extremities -pectus deformity -scoliosis -spontaneous pneumothorax -myopic (nearsighted) 80-90% will develop fatal artery abnormalities
Marfan’s Syndrome complications
Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
Aortic Valve Disease
Aortic Rupture
-vessel walls weaken and dilate
Marfan’s diagnosis
hard
complete family hx is important
commotio cordis
sudden blow to the chest
during repolarization
15% resuscitation rate without immediate AED application
congenital abnormalities of coronary arteries
abnormal origin of the left main coronary artery
-may cause a “kinking” of the artery or force it to pass through the aorta and pulmonary artery
–blood flow is restricted to the heart tissue
S/S
-Chest pain
-arrhythmias
-syncope
congenital abnormalities of coronary arteries
Hypoplasia (underdevelopment) of the R and L circumflex coronary arteries
absence of the left coronary artery
myocardial bridging
-artery goes through tissue instead of over the top
testing
-ECG
-treadmill stress test (if both are +, further investigate)
coronary angiography
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
blood clot lodged in a vein results in venous blockage most common in the lower leg S/S -limb pain and swelling Dx -ultrasound Tx -anticoagulants may lead to a pulmonary embolism
disorders of the blood
anemia
sickle cell anemia
sickle cell trait
anemia
defines as a decreased # of RBC’s or a decreased hemoglobin concentration in the blood
3 general categories
-microcytic: iron deficiency
-normocytic: normal sized RBC (blood loss)
-macrocytic: enlarged; don’t function properly
hematocrit
measure of RBC volume
95% or higher
S/S and hx of anemia
vague symptoms -weakness, fatigue, dizziness and headache -decreased performance -craving ice or crunchy raw veggies signs -tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, dyspnea, tachypnea and pallor -bruises easily hx -dietary habits -menstrual cycle and amount of flow -NSAID use and antibiotic use
treatment for anemia
refer to doctor for CBC to determine type of anemia first
identify and correct any sources of blood loss
look at diet and ensure athlete is getting good sources of iron
take 325mg 3x per day of ferrous sulfate
-2 week response is good
-after 3-6 weeks hemoglobin is back to normal
sickle cell anemia
occurs as a recessive genetic trait, producing abnormally shaped RBC’s that inhibit binding of O2
creates a decreased O2 carrying capacity of the blood
sickle cell trait
20-40% of the hemoglobin is HbS; the rest of the hemoglobin is normal
1 in every 400-600 African Americans have anemia
1 in every 10 AA have the trait
the risk of SD is 27x higher in AA that have the SCT
SCT is a risk factor for
-exertional rhabdomyolysis
-splenic infarction
-cardiac arrhythmias
-kidney failure
SCT S/S
tachycardia
hypotension
hyperventilation
LOC
athletes with SCT are advised to…
avoid dehydration and acclimatize gradually to heat and humidity
condition gradually for several weeks before engaging in exhaustive exercise regimens
acclimate to altitude over an appropriate amount of time
refrain from extreme exercise during acute illness, especially if fever is involved
