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Medical Issues in Athletic Training > Medical Issues Ch. Pulmonary System and Conditions > Flashcards

Medical Issues Ch. Pulmonary System and Conditions Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

pulmonary system functions

A

extracts oxygen from the air

exchanges oxygen with carbon dioxide in the blood

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2
Q

prevalence of pulmonary pathology

A

second most frequent cause of disability
fifth leading cause of death among adults
14-15 million people suffer from asthma

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3
Q

inspiration A/P

A

active movement

contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals

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4
Q

expiration A/P

A

passive movement

relaxation of inspiring muscles

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5
Q

accessory breathing

A

the use of muscles other than the respiration muscles to breathe

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6
Q

respiration

A

gas exchange

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7
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

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8
Q

ventilation control

A 
medulla oblongata
-senses pH changes in the blood
receptors
-baroreceptors
-chemoreceptors
nervous system
-phrenic nerve
--C3-C5 nerve root
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9
Q

effects of exercise on respiratory system

A

increased blood to the lungs
increased oxygen demand to muscles
increased carbon dioxide produced by muscles
increase in ventilation

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10
Q

S/S of pulmonary disease

A 
dyspnea
cough
cyanosis
abnormal breathing patterns
thorax pain
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11
Q

types of coughs

A 
dry cough
-allergic irritant
purulent sputum (pus)
-lower respiratory infection
hemoptysis
-lung damage (referral)
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12
Q

thorax pain types

A 
tracheobronchial
-occurs over trachea
diaphragm
-can refer to shoulder
-less commonly the neck, ribs
pleurisy
-results from inflammation of parietal pleura
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13
Q

medical history and physical exam

A 
family and personal history
symptoms
inspection
palpation
percussion
auscultation
respiration rate and depth
HR
BP
Peak Flow Meter
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14
Q

family and personal history questions

A

smoking

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15
Q

inspection

A

deformities

  • pes excavatum
  • -concave
  • pes carinatum
  • -convex
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16
Q

palpation

A

palpate ribs

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17
Q

percussion

A

lungs should be resonant

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18
Q

peak flow meter

A 
establish a baseline for your patient
test patient upon suspicion of bronchospasm
-green zone: 80-100% of baseline
-yellow zone: 50-80% of personal best
--medication is necessary
-red zone: below 50%
--call 911
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19
Q

pulmonary pathology sources

A

environmental influences
trauma
genetic factors
immune response

20
Q

pulmonary pathology disease classification

A

obstructive
-limits airflow
restrictive
-limits lung expansion

21
Q

flail chest injury

A

multiple fractures that result in displacement of the ribs

can also sprain the joint between the rib and cartilage

22
Q

pneumothorax

A 
collaped lung (air in the pleural space)
commonly caused by trauma
S/S
-pain
-trouble breathing
-would hear hyper-resonance during percussion
Tx
-referral
23
Q

hemothorax

A 
blood in the pleural space
S/S
-similar to pneumothorax
-coughing up blood (frothy)
-percussion and auscultation differences
Tx
-referral
24
Q

asthma

A 
produces
-bronchial spasms
-chronic bronchial inflammation
-bronchial edema
symptoms
-chest constriction
-fatigue
-anxiety
clinical signs: symptoms worsen at night
25
Q

asthma cont.

A 
onset
-begins early, genetic predisposition to severe allergic responses
causes
-allergens
-infection
-cold/dry air
-emotional states
-exercise
Tx
-patient education is important
-limit inflammation (corticostaroids)
-treat bronchospasms (short and long acting beta-2 agonist)
-control symptoms
-prevent exacerbation by controlling known triggers
26
Q

management of an acute asthma attack

A 
seated position
take deep breaths
exhale through pursed lips (whistle)
tell them to remain calm
administer inhaler
ER is all else fails
27
Q

asthma can cause

A

pneumothorax
acute right heart failure
hypoxia

28
Q

exercise induced bronchospasm

A

exercise-induced asthma
more common than asthma
-15% of the population
-90% of people with asthma
-35-40% of people with allergies
occurs 5-10 minutes into exercise, worsens with activity
spontaneous recovery occurs 30-60 minutes after stopping exercise

29
Q

exercise induced bronchospasm

  • triggers
  • S/S
A 
triggers
-cold, dry air
-allergens
-pollutions
-infection
S/S
-unusual dyspnea
-central chest pain during exercise
-coughing
30
Q

Acute EIB management

A

similar to an asthma attack
remove from exercise
reassure
assess and monitor

31
Q

when to refer w/ EIB

A

cyanosis
syncope
symptoms >60 minutes

32
Q

short acting Beta-2 agonists

A

albuterol (proventil, ventolin)
bronchodilators
can also prevent the tightening of the muscle around the airways caused by asthma triggers

33
Q

Beta-2 agonist how to use

A

inhaled
nebulizer or MDI
take 2 puffs from a MDI 2-3 minutes apart, not more often than every 4 hours apart
can take up to 30 minutes for effects to occur
athlete may need to get on field earlier than most to warm up
side effects
-jittery

34
Q

inhaled corticosteroids

A 
most common for chronic asthma sufferers
will only fix the problem of inflammation, not bronchoconstriction
comes in inhaled and oral forms
-inhaled for more chronic
-oral for acute exacerbation
other names
-Vanceril DS
-Flovent
-Axmacort
35
Q

long acting Beta-2 agonist

A

not to be a substitute for corticosteroids
used in addition to corticosteroids
effects can diminish after even a month of use
other names
-Serevent
-Foradil
great for multi-sport or for young kids who play all day long

36
Q

exercise induced anaphylaxis

A 
breathing disorder + chronic use of NSAIDs
produces an abnormal immune response
S/S
-flushing
-urticaria
-cough, croup (deep "honking" cough)
-stridor 
--harsh wheezing sound
-hypotension & tachycardia (shock)
37
Q

EIA treatment

A

administer Epipen

call 911

38
Q

acute bronchitis

A 
caused by infection or irritant that produces an inflammatory response
-most commonly viral
early S/S
-fever
-nonproductive cough
-sore throat
-chest pain
progresses to
-productive cough
-wheezing
treatment
-cough suppressants
-rest
-hydration
39
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

caused by prolonged or repeated exposure to irritants
inflammation of the bronchial mucous membranes
S/S
-wheezing
-dyspnea
-cough that is more productive in the mornings and evenings
symptoms present from 3 months - 2 years
treatment
-avoid irritants

40
Q

pneumonia

A

every year more than 60,000 Americans die of pneumonia
infection and inflammation in the lungs
recognition and early treatment is the best option

41
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleura
may develop secondary to other infections
fluid can accumulate at the site of the inflammation
can cause coughing, dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis, and retractions
diagnosis
-auscultation
-pain at one site with laughing, coughing

42
Q

pleurisy

-doctor may order

A 
chest X-ray
CBC
chest CT or ultrasound
thoracentesis
important to look for underlying pathology
43
Q

influenza

A 
the "Flu"
viral
S/S
-high fever
-headache/body aches
-cough
-chest pain
-shortness of breath
-fatigue
-loss of appetite
-nasal congestion
-sore throat
refer when
-close contact with other person's diagnosed influenza
-symptomatic
diagnosis
-clinincal grounds mainly
-antigen testing
-CBC's
-sputum cultures
-fever is generally the hallmark
44
Q

upper respiratory infections

A

rhinovirus
very easily spread through cough or sneeze
mild symptoms very similar to influenza but don’t last as long
secondary bacterial infection can happen
7-10 day duration

45
Q

tuberculosis

A 
highly contagious bacterial infection
-mycobacterium tuberculosis
airborne droplets cause infection
immunocompromised people are more likely to get active TB
S/S
-fatigue
-fever
-weight loss
-cough
-hemoptysis
-shortness of breath/wheezing
diagnosis
-skin test
-symptomatic
-positive radiograph
46
Q

pulmonary obstructive disorders (COPD)

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a classification of diseases involving partially blocked airways
-asthma
-bronchitis
-emphysema
-cystic fibrosis
decreased vital capacity, increased CO2, decreased O2, thus disrupting the diffusion gradient across the alveoli

47
Q

emphysema

A

complication of chronic pulmonary disease + prolonged smoking
causes destruction of alveolar walls, capillaries, and lung elasticity
S/S
-SOB
-increased exhalation effort
-infection
-Cor pulmonale (right sided heart failure)
irreversible, poor prognosis

Medical Issues in Athletic Training (26 decks)

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