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Medical Issues in Athletic Training > Medical Issues Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Medical Issues Ch. 4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is a drug

A

a chemical that interacts with and affects living organism to produce a biological response

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2
Q

who regulates drugs

A

FDA

DEA

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3
Q

drug nomenclature and classifications

A 
identified by
-chemical name
-generic name
-brand name
classifications
-prescription drugs
-over-the-counter drugs
-controlled substances
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4
Q

Prescription drug

A

prescribed by Doctor, NP, or PA

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5
Q

OTC products

A

no prescription necessary

FDA must approve ingredients and label information

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6
Q

Controlled Substances

-schedules

A 
high risk for abuse
schedule 1: high potential for abuse
-marijuana, LSD
schedule 2
-cocaine, riddalin
schedule 3
-anabolic steroids, prescription pain killers
schedule 4
-xalium
schedule 5
-codein
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7
Q

routes of administration

A

enteral
-alimentary canal
-digestive system
parenteral
-pathway other than the alimentary canal or digestive system
-usually allows drug to be delivered directly to the tissue sight

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8
Q

enteral and parenteral types

A 
enteral
-oral
-rectal
parenteral
-inhalation
-intravenous
-intramuscular
-transdermal
-sublingual
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9
Q

oral

A 
most common
slow release preparation
(+) 
-easy
-convenienti
-nexpensive
(-)
-variability in absorption
-gastric irritation
-may take longer to produce therapeutic effects
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10
Q

rectal

A 
(+)
-quick acting and doesn't interfere with digestive system
-good for those with nausea and vomiting
(-)
-can't control absorption rate
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11
Q

inhalation

A

(+)
-quick delivery of medication for quick relief of symptoms
(-)
-not as convenient

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12
Q

injection types

-(+) and (-)

A 
types
-intravenous
-intramuscular
-intraarticular
-subcutaneous tissue
(+)
-no barriers
-rapid onset
(-)
-cost and risk of infection
-discomfort
-inconvenient
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13
Q

sublingual

-pros and cons

A 
(+)
-absorbed rapidly
(-)
-uncomfortable
-expensive
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14
Q

topical

  • types
  • pros and cons
A 
types
-creams
-gels
-lotions
-patches
-drops
-sprays
(+)
-effective locally
(-)
-only effective locally
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15
Q

primary vs. secondary effect

A

primary
-desired therapeutic effect of the drug
secondary
-everything else (side effects)

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16
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

how the body acts on and processes a drug

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17
Q

4 distinct processes of pharmacokinetics

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
elimination

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18
Q

absorption

A

for a drug to produce a therapeutic effect, it must be absorbed into the blood stream and distributed through the circulation

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19
Q

2 types of drug solubility

A

hydrophilic
-water soluble
lypophilic
-fat soluble

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20
Q

types of movement across cell membranes

A

passive diffusion
active transport
facilitated diffusion

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21
Q

passive diffusion

A

most common mechanism of transport across membranes
lypophilic drugs will diffuse more quickly
movement of drug molecules across membranes based on concentration
move to equilibrium

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22
Q

active transport

A

requires a protein to move the drug across a membrane
protein and drug bind
selective diffusion

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23
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

active transport + passive diffusion
selective process
protein involvement
high conc. –> low conc.

24
Q

oral absorption

  • pathway
  • effect of absorption rate
  • take with…
A

stomach –> small intestine –> circulatory system
the quicker the drug dissolves, the quicker it can be absorbed
take with a full glass of water

25
Q

extended release drugs

A

enteric coating

-prevents dissolving in the stomach and takes it to the stomach

26
Q

effects of exercise on absorption

A

decreases effects of oral drugs
blood flow diverted
medication should be taken at least 30 minutes prior to exercise

27
Q

sublingual and buccal (cheek) absorption

A

dissolve directly in the mouth
rapid absorption –> rapid therapeutic effect
nitroglycerin

28
Q

rectal absorption

A

drug dissolves in the rectum

absorbed into the hemerrhoidal veins

29
Q

injection (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous) absorption

A

very fast

30
Q

topical absorption

A

slow absorption

31
Q

inhalation absorption

A

rapid absorption (<5 minutes)

32
Q

distribution factors

A

solubility

target tissue and blood-flow

33
Q

distribution onset of action

A

the time it takes for drug molecules to reach their site of action in sufficient quantities to produce a therapeutic effect

34
Q

duration of action

A

the period of time when concentration levels are sufficient enough to produce a therapeutic effect

35
Q

effects of exercise on distribution

A

increase in blood flow
may increase distribution rate
dependent on site of action

36
Q

metabolism

A

drugs inactivated

droken down into water-soluble metabolites for excretion

37
Q

metabolism

  • primary site
  • secondary
A 
primary
-liver
secondary
-kidneys
-GI tract
38
Q

metabolism and exercise

A

exercise can decrease the clearance of some drugs due to blood being diverted away from the GI, kidneys, and liver to the skeletal muscles
however
-drug’s effects are usually longer than exercise session
therefore effect on metabolism is negligible

39
Q

elimination

A

the process by which a drug leaves the body

40
Q

elimination

  • primary site
  • secondary
A 
primary
-kidneys
secondary
-intestines
-sweat
-lugns
41
Q

elimination and exercise

A

can decrease the rate of renal excretion

42
Q

elimination can also be influenced by…

A

the drug’s half-life

43
Q

bioavailability

-factors

A

amount of the drug actually available to target tissue
factors
-rate at which a drug dissolves in the GI tract
-amount and rate of drug absorbed
-formulation (capsule, tablet, injection)

44
Q

half-life

A

the time required for the body to eliminate 1/2 of a dosage of a drug by the regular physical processes

45
Q

half-life and water- and fat-soluble drugs

A

water
-move through faster
fat
-stay in system longer

46
Q

half-life steady state

A

some drugs will be taken on a consistent basis
ongoing process of drug absorption and removal
amount going in = amount going out
5-6 half-lives of a medication to reach steady state

47
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

how a drug acts on the body

48
Q

receptor theory

A

for a drug to work, it must bind to a receptor
receptor may be within a cell or on a cell membrane
lock and key

49
Q

agonist drug

A

a drug that interacts with a receptor to produce a pharmacological response

50
Q

antagonist drug

A

a drug that binds with a receptor but does not produce a pharmacological response or prevents a response
-may be blocking other chemicals from attaching to receptors

51
Q

drug dosing

  • based on
  • increased dose =
A 
based on
-potency of the drug
-patient's age
-patient's condition
increased dose = increased receptors
-until steady state is reached
52
Q

drug interactions

A

occur when one drug alters the effect of another drug
may change how the body handles one or both drugs
may change the way the drug acts on the body

53
Q

additive interactions

A

agonistic
two of the same type of drug taken together
effects of the drug “add together”

54
Q

inhibitory effects

A

antagonistic

can occur between two unrelated drugs

55
Q

adverse drug reactions

A

range from side effects to hypersensitivity

56
Q

side effects

A

common effects with use of certain medications

57
Q

hypersensitivity

A

allergic reactions

may be local or anaphylactic shock

Medical Issues in Athletic Training (26 decks)

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