Vocab 1 Flashcards
allopathic medicine
medical tradition evolved from philosophy
-diseases can be traced to deranged structures or functions of organs, tissues, and cells
anatomic pathology
perform autopsies, examine all tissues removed from live patients, and examine cell preparations to look for cancer cells
-morphologic exam
causes of disease
Changes to the cellular environment to such a degree that tissues can’t perform their function
cellular basis of disease
diseases can be traced to deranged structures (cells)
clinical pathologist
analyze various specimens removed from patients, such as blood, urine, feces, spinal fluid, or sputum, for chemical substances, microorganisms, antigens and antibodies, nucleic acids, atypical blood cells, and coagulation factors
-lab tests
complications
secondary problems that emerge as a consequence of treatment that alter therapeutic efforts accordingly
cytopathology
individual cells removed by scraping or washing
diagnosis
the process of assimilating the information from the history, physical examination, and laboratory findings to identify the condition causing the disease
differential diagnosis
after acquiring the history, performing the physical examination, and reviewing initial ancillary tests, the health practitioner makes a list of possible diagnoses
disease
disorder of structure or function in human
-tissues are no longer able to perform their function optimally
endogenous
agent acting within
-causes of disease: vascular, immunologic, metabolic
etiology
the study of causes, but it is also commonly used simply to connote the cause of disease
evidence based medicine
The strict guidelines for practicing medicine formulated on the basis of a thorough review of the scientific literature.
exogenous
agents acting from without
-causes of disease: microbiologic, chemical, physical
external agents of injury
include physical and chemical substances and microbes
follow-up
monitors progress towards the goal of treatment
functional disease
those in which there are no visible lessions, at least at the onset of disease
genetic disease
caused by abnormalities in the genetic makeup of the individual, either at the level of chromosomes, such as increased chromosome numbers or translocations, or at the genetic level, such as mutation
history
listening to the patient or to the patients relative to ascertain the patients symptoms, and reviewing any other past or present medical problems that might relate to them
homeostasis
Cells and tissues in the body adapt to minor fluctuations in their environment
hyperplasia
proliferative reaction to a prolonged external stimulus and usually regresses when the stimulus is removed
iatrogenic
adverse reactions resulting from treatment by a health specialist
idiopathic
diseases of unknown cause
immunologic disease
those caused by aberrations of the immune system
infection
microbiologic injuries that are usually classified by the type of offending organism
inflammation
vascular and cellular reaction
that attempts to localize the injury, destroy the offending agent, and remove damaged cells and other materials
internal mechanism of injury
Mainly vascular insufficiency, immunologic reactions, and metabolic disturbances
laboratory finding
observations made by the application of tests or special procedures, such as x-rays, blood counts or biopsies
lesion
structural changes
metabolic disease
encompasses a wide variety of biochemical disorders that may be genetically determined or secondary effects of acquired disease
neoplasia
results from genetic changes that favor the growth of a single population of cells
nosocomial
diseases are those acquired from a hospital environment
organic disease
(structural disease) characterized by structural changes within the body
pathogenesis
well as the sequence of events that leads from structural and functional abnormalities to clinical manifestations
pathology
the study of disease
pathophysiology
study of pathogenesis
physical examination
systematically looking, feeling, listening, and sometimes even smelling accessible parts of the body fro signs of illness
prognosis
a prediction about the course the disease will take
repair
the replacement of damaged tissue by new tissue of the same type and/or fibrous connective tissue
sign
physical observations made by the person who examines the patient
structural diseases
(organic disease) characterized by structural changes within the body
symptom
evidence of disease described by the patient, such as pain, a lump, or diarrhea
syndrome
clusters of findings commonly encountered with more than one disease
trauma
direct physical injury
vascular disease
include obstruction of blood supply to an organ or tissue, hemorrhage, or altered blood flow
workup
workup of a patient encompasses three major steps: history, physical examination, and ordering lab tests, radiologic imaging tests, and specialized clinical procedures to detect chemical and physiologic abnormalities
care of patients
- gather facts (history, physical exam, lab and radiology testing)
- interpret the facts and render a diagnosis
- treat the patient
- follow up on treatment
obstacle to patient care
- application of new knowledge about a disease process or therapeutic intervention lags far behind discoveries
- variation in how patients are treated
- limited resources
manifestation of disease
- all the data gathered about a disease as it occurs in patient
- symptoms, signs, lab abnormalities
surgical pathology
-biopsies and resected tissues
experimental pathology
-research
autopsy pathology
postmortem study of the body
