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HAN 312 > 18. Endocrine > Flashcards

18. Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

-thyroid
-parathyoid -> 4
-adrenal
-pancreas
-pituitary
ovaries
-testes
-pineal

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2
Q

prostaglandins

A
  • located in body cells
  • aggregation of platelets
  • contract uterus
  • lower acid secretion in stomach
  • lower BP
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3
Q

cholecystokinin, gastrin, secretin

A
  • located in GI tract
  • contracts gal bladder
  • stimulates gastric secretion & pancreatic enzymes
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4
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin

A
  • located in placenta

- sustains pregnancy

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5
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • located in kidney

- stimulates erythrocyte production

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6
Q

vitamin D

A
  • located in skin

- affects absorption of Ca

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7
Q

corticosteriods

A
  • glucocorticoid
  • mineralocorticoids
  • sex hormones
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8
Q

thyroid

A
  • thyroxine- increases metabolism
  • goiter
  • nodule
  • calcitonin- decreases blood Ca
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9
Q

Parathyroid

A

-parathyroid hormone- increases blood Ca

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10
Q

Adrenal glands

A
  • cortex

- medulla

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11
Q

cortex

A
  • cortisol (glucocorticoid)- increase blood sugar
  • aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)- increases reabsorption Na
  • androgens & estrogen- secondary sex characteristics
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12
Q

medulla

A
  • epinephrine- sympathomimetic

- norepinephrine-sympathomimetic

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13
Q

pancreas

A
  • islet cells

- pituitary

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14
Q

islet cells

A
  • insulin- decrease blood sugar

- glucagon- increase blood sugar

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15
Q

pituitary

A
  • anterior lobe
  • posterior lobe
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • pea sized
  • base of brain
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16
Q

anterior lobe

A
  • *growth hormone (GH)- increases bone and tissue growth
  • *thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- stimulates thyroid gland and thyroxine secretion
  • *adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- stimulates adrenal cortex (cortisol secretion)
  • gonadotropins
  • *follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)- oogenesis & spermatogenesis
  • *luteinizing hormone (LH)- promotes ovulation, testosterone secretion
  • prolactin (PRL)- promotes growth of breast and milk secretion
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17
Q

posterior lobe

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)- stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules
  • oxytocin- stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor
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18
Q

ovaries

A
  • estrogen- promotes development of ova and female secondary sex characteristics
  • progesterone- prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy
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19
Q

testes

A

-testosterone- promotes development of sperm and male secondary sex characteristics

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20
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • outer secretion (cortex) of each adrenal gland
  • secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormone
  • cushing
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21
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  • inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland

- secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

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22
Q

ovaries

A
  • located in the lower abdomen of a female

- responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion

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23
Q

pancreas

A
  • located behind the stomach
  • islet (alpha beta) cells (islets of langerhans) secrete hormones from pancreas
  • pancreas also contains cells that are exocrine function -> secrete enzymes via a duct into the small intestine for digestion
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24
Q

parathyroid gland

A
  • four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland

- people have 3-5

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25
Q

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A
  • located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica
  • composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
  • weighs only 1/16 of an ounce
  • acromegaly- gigantism
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26
Q

testes

A
  • two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male

- responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion

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27
Q

thyroid gland

A

located in the neck on either side of the trachea

-secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calclitonin

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28
Q

adrenaline (epinephrine)

A
  • secreted by the adrenal medulla
  • increases heart rate and BP
  • dilates airways (sympathomimetic)
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29
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

- stimulates adrenal cortex

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30
Q

-aldosterone

A
  • secreted by the adrenal cortex

- increases salt reabsorption

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31
Q

androgen

A
  • male hormone secreted by the testes and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex
  • tesosterone is an example
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32
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A
  • secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
  • AKA vasopressin
  • increases reabsorption of water by the kidney
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33
Q

calcitonin

A
  • secreted by the thyroid gland

- decreases blood calcium levels

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34
Q

cortisol

A
  • secreted by the adrenal cortex
  • increases blood sugar
  • secreted in times of stress
  • anti-inflammatory effect
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35
Q

estradiol

A

-estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries

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36
Q

estrogen

A
  • female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex
  • ex. estradiol and estrone
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37
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

- stimulates hormones secretion, egg, sperm production

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38
Q

glucagon

A
  • secreted by alpha islet cells of the pancreas

- increases blood sugar by conversion of glucagon to glucose

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39
Q

growth hormone (GH); somatotropin

A
  • secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

- stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues

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40
Q

insulin

A
  • secreted by beta islet cells of the pancreas
  • insulin helps glucose to pass into cells
  • promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen
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41
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland

  • stimulates ovulation in females
  • stimulates testosterone secretion in male
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42
Q

noepinephrine

A
  • secreted by the adrenal medulla
  • increases HR and BP
  • sympathomimetic
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43
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A
  • secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

- stimulates contraction of the uterus during birth

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44
Q

parathormone (PTH)

A
  • secreted by the parathyroid glands

- increases blood calcium

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45
Q

progesterone

A
  • secreted by the ovaries

- prepares the uterus for pregnancy

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46
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A
  • secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland

- promotes milk secretion

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47
Q

somatotropin (STH)

A
  • secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

- growth hormone

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48
Q

testosterone

A

-male hormones secreted by testes

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49
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin

A
  • secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
  • acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning
  • not secreted by thyroid!
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50
Q

thyroxine (T4)

A
  • secreted by thyroid gland
  • aka tetraiodothyronine
  • T4 increases metabolism in cells
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51
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

A
  • secreted by the thyroid gland

- increases metabolism in cells

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52
Q

vasopressin

A
  • secreted by the posterior love of the pituitary gland
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • increases water reabsorption
  • raises BP
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53
Q

catecholamines

A
  • hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla
  • ex. epinephrine
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54
Q

corticosteroids

A
  • hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex

- ex. cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, estrogen

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55
Q

electrolyte

A
  • mineral salt found in the blood and tissues
  • necessary for proper function of cells
  • ex. K, Na, Ca
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56
Q

glucocorticoid

A

-steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex
-regulates glucose, fat, protein metabolism
-

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57
Q

hormone

A
  • chemical, secreted by an endocrine gland
  • travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland
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58
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland
  • secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland
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59
Q

mineralocorticoid

A
  • steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex
  • regulates mineral salts and water balance
  • ex. aldosterone
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60
Q

receptor

A

-cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited

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61
Q

sella turcica

A
  • cavity at the base of the skull

- contains the pituitary gland

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62
Q

sex hormones

A

-steroids (androgens and estrogens) produced by the adrenal cortex to influence males and female sexual characteristics

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63
Q

steroid

A
  • complex substance related to fats, and of which many hormones are made
  • ex. estrogen, androgen. glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
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64
Q

ster/o

A

solid

65
Q

-ol

A

oil

66
Q

sympathomimetic

A
  • pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system
  • adrenaline (epinephrine) is a sympathomimetic hormone -> raises BP and HR, dilates airways
67
Q

target tissue

A

-cells of an organ that are effected or stimulated by specific hormones

68
Q

aden/o

A

gland

69
Q

adrenal/o

A

adrenal gland

70
Q

gonad/o

A

sex glands (ovaries and testes)

71
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

72
Q

parathyoid/o

A

parathyroid gland

73
Q

pituitar/o

A

pituitary gland

-hypophysis

74
Q

thyr/o; thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

75
Q

andr/o

A

male

76
Q

calc/o; calci/o

A

calcium

77
Q

cortic/o

A

cortex; outer region

78
Q

crin/o

A

secrete

79
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

80
Q

estr/o

A

female

81
Q

gluc/o

A

sugar

82
Q

glyc/o

A

sugar

83
Q

home/o

A

sameness

84
Q

hormon/o

A

hormone

85
Q

kal/i

A

postassium

86
Q

lact/o

A

milk

87
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

88
Q

natr/i

A

sodium

89
Q

phys/o

A

growing

90
Q

somat/o

A

body

91
Q

ster/o

A

solid structure

92
Q

toc/o

A

childbirth

93
Q

toxic/o

A

poison

94
Q

ur/o

A

urine

95
Q

-agon

A

-assemble, gather together

96
Q

-emia

A

blood condtion

97
Q

-in, -ine

A

substance

98
Q

-tropin

A

stimulating the function of (to turn or act on )

99
Q

-uria

A

urine conditon

100
Q

eu-

A

good, normal

101
Q

oxy-

A

rapid, sharp, acid

102
Q

pan-

A

all

103
Q

poly-

A

many or increased

104
Q

hyperthyroidism

A
  • overactivity of the thyroid gland
  • thyrotoxicosis
  • graces disease
  • metabolism is faster -> increase HR, increase body temp, weight loss, increase peristalsis (diarrhea)
105
Q

exophthalmos

A
  • extrusion of eyeballs
  • occurs with hyperthyroidism (graves)
  • protosis
  • occurs as result of swelling of tissue behind eyeballs
106
Q

hypothyroidism

A
  • underactivity of thyroid gland
  • fatigue, sluggishness, weight gain, fluid retention, slow HR, low body temperature, constipation
  • ex. myxedema, cretinism
107
Q

myxedema

A
  • hypothyroidism
  • atrophy of thyroid gland -> no hormone produced
  • pale (sometimes yellow) dry skin, brittle hair, sluggish
  • prominent tongue
108
Q

cretinism

A
  • extreme hypothyroidism
  • lack of physical and mental growth
  • obese short stocky child appearance due to inhibited skeletal growth (but not soft tissue)
109
Q

goiter

A
  • wide neck
  • enlargement of thyroid gland
  • endemic goiter- occur in regions where there is lack of iodine (hypo)
  • nodular (adenomatous) goiter- hyperplasia, formation of nodules and adenomas (hyper)
110
Q

en-

A

in

111
Q

dem/o

A

people

112
Q

crushing syndrome

A
  • group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex
  • elevated plasma levels of cortisol
  • obesity, rounded facial appearance
  • moon face
  • thin skin that bruises easily
  • muscle weakness
113
Q

thyroid carcinoma

A

-cancer of the thyroid gland

114
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A
  • excessive production of parathormone
  • hypercalcemia occurs -> damage to kidneys and heart
  • osteoporosis
  • kidney stones
115
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A
  • deficient production of parathyroid hormone
  • hypocalcemia -> muscle and nerve weakness, spasms
  • tetany- constant muscle contraction
116
Q

adrenal virilism

A
  • excessive secretion of adrenal androgens

- can cause virilization in adult women -> excessive hair, acne, deep voice -> hirsutism

117
Q

addison disease

A
  • hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex
  • low aldosterone and cortisol -> weakness, muscle atrophy, loss of electrolytes, discoloration
  • autoimmune adrenalitis
118
Q

pheochromocytoma

A
  • benign tumor of the adrenal medulla
  • tumor cells stain a dark or dusk color
  • tumor cells produce excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of face, spasms
119
Q

phe/o

A

dark or dusky

120
Q

hyperinsulinism

A
  • excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia
  • overdose of insulin
  • hypoglycemia occurs
  • fainting spells, convulsions
121
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

-lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells

122
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus

A
  • autoimmune disease
  • autoantibodies against normal pancreatic islet cells
  • lack of insulin production
  • destructs beta islet cells
  • abrupt
  • little to no insulin production
  • thin
  • hyperglycemia -> ketoacidosis
  • polydipsia- promotes water loss
  • polyuria
  • polyphagia
  • concentration urine
123
Q

type 2 diabetes mellitus

A
  • older
  • obesity common
  • lack of insulin or body’s inability to use insulin efficiently
  • resistance by target tissues to insulin
  • high BP, high cholesterol
  • gradual onset
  • insulin usually present
124
Q

insuin shock

A
  • severe hypoglyemia
  • overdose of insulin
  • decreased food
  • excessive exercise
  • confusion, trembling, hunger, sweat
125
Q

gestational diabetes

A

-hormonal changes during pregnancy can cause

126
Q

acromegaly

A
  • hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty leading to enlargement of extremities
  • GH stimulates liver to secrete hormone -> acromegaly
127
Q

gigantism

A
  • hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues
  • benign adenomas of pituitary gland
128
Q

dwarfism

A
  • congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone
  • hypopituitary dwarfism
  • mental is fine
129
Q

panhypopituitarism

A
  • deficiency of all pituitary hormones

- tumors of the sella turcica and arterial aneurysms may cause

130
Q

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

A
  • excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone

- hypersecretion of ADH -> excess water retention

131
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A
  • insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone by pituitary gland (vasopressin)
  • causes kidney tubules to fail to hold back (reabsorb) needed water and salts
  • excessive urination and thirst
  • polyuria
  • polydipsia
  • insipidus- dilute urine
132
Q

adrenal cortex

A 
hyper
-adrenal virilism
-cushing syndrome
hypo
-addison disease
133
Q

adrenal medulla

A

hyper:

-pheochromocytoma

134
Q

pancreas

A 
hyper:
-hyperinsulinism
hypo:
-diabetes mellitus- type 1&2
-hypoglycemia
135
Q

parathyroid glands

A

hyper:
-hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, kidney stone)
hypo:
hypoparathyroidism (tetany, hypocalcemia)

136
Q

pituitary- anterior lobe

A 
hyper:
-acromegaly
-gigantism
hypo:
-dwarfism
-panhypopituitarism
137
Q

pituitary- posterior lobe

A

hyper:
-syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
hypo:
-diabetes insipidus

138
Q

thyroid gland

A 
hyper:
-exophthalmic goiter (graves, thyrotoxicosis)
-nodular (adenomatous) goiter
hypo:
-cretinism 
-endemic goiter
-myxedema
139
Q

fasting plasma glucose (FPG)

A
  • aka fasting blood sugar test
  • measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours
  • diagnose diabetes and prediabtes
140
Q

glycosylated hemoglobin (HnA1C) test

A
  • measure percentage of RBC with glucose attached
  • long term glucose control test
  • high levels indicate poor glucose control
141
Q

serum and urine tests

A
  • measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function
  • growth hormones, somatomedin C, prolactin, gonadotropin level, parathyroid, calcium, cortisol
142
Q

urinary microalbumin assay

A

-detect small quantities of albumin in urine as a marker of diabetic nephropathy

143
Q

thyroid function tests

A

-measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in blood

144
Q

thyroid scan

A
  • scanner detects radioactivity, ultrasound, or CT and visualizes the size, shape, and position of thyroid gland
  • RAIU- radioactive uptake scan
  • function is assessed
  • nodules and tumors can be evaluated
145
Q

functions of endocrine

A
  • metabolism
  • reproduction
  • growth
  • development
  • produce hormones
  • store hormones
  • release hormones into blood
146
Q

endocrine glands

A

-ductless

147
Q

acr/o

A

extremity, tip

148
Q

endocrin/o

A

endocrine

149
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

150
Q

graves disease

A

-condition of excessive secretion of thyroid hormone causing goiter and exophthalmos

151
Q

hashimoto thyroiditis

A

autoimmune disease causing chronic thyroiditis

152
Q

cushing syndrome

A

-disease caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands

153
Q

adrenopathy

A

-disease of the adrenal gland

154
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A
  • excessive ketones in blood due to breakdown of stored fats for energy
  • a complication of diabetes mellitus
  • if left untreated, can lead to coma and death
155
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A
  • blood test that measures the amount of thyroid stimulating hormone in the blood
  • used to diagnose hyperthyroidism or to monitor thyroid replacement therapy
156
Q

thyroxine level

A

-blood test that measures the amount of thyroxine in the blood to diagnose hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism

157
Q

radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)

A

-test of thyroid function by measuring the uptake of iodine by the thyroid

158
Q

thyroidotomy

A

incision into thyroid gland

159
Q

thyroparathyroidectomy

A

-excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

HAN 312 (19 decks)

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