18. Endocrine Flashcards
Endocrine glands
-thyroid
-parathyoid -> 4
-adrenal
-pancreas
-pituitary
ovaries
-testes
-pineal
prostaglandins
- located in body cells
- aggregation of platelets
- contract uterus
- lower acid secretion in stomach
- lower BP
cholecystokinin, gastrin, secretin
- located in GI tract
- contracts gal bladder
- stimulates gastric secretion & pancreatic enzymes
human chorionic gonadotropin
- located in placenta
- sustains pregnancy
erythropoietin
- located in kidney
- stimulates erythrocyte production
vitamin D
- located in skin
- affects absorption of Ca
corticosteriods
- glucocorticoid
- mineralocorticoids
- sex hormones
thyroid
- thyroxine- increases metabolism
- goiter
- nodule
- calcitonin- decreases blood Ca
Parathyroid
-parathyroid hormone- increases blood Ca
Adrenal glands
- cortex
- medulla
cortex
- cortisol (glucocorticoid)- increase blood sugar
- aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)- increases reabsorption Na
- androgens & estrogen- secondary sex characteristics
medulla
- epinephrine- sympathomimetic
- norepinephrine-sympathomimetic
pancreas
- islet cells
- pituitary
islet cells
- insulin- decrease blood sugar
- glucagon- increase blood sugar
pituitary
- anterior lobe
- posterior lobe
- ovaries
- testes
- pea sized
- base of brain
anterior lobe
- *growth hormone (GH)- increases bone and tissue growth
- *thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- stimulates thyroid gland and thyroxine secretion
- *adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- stimulates adrenal cortex (cortisol secretion)
- gonadotropins
- *follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)- oogenesis & spermatogenesis
- *luteinizing hormone (LH)- promotes ovulation, testosterone secretion
- prolactin (PRL)- promotes growth of breast and milk secretion
posterior lobe
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)- stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules
- oxytocin- stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor
ovaries
- estrogen- promotes development of ova and female secondary sex characteristics
- progesterone- prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy
testes
-testosterone- promotes development of sperm and male secondary sex characteristics
adrenal cortex
- outer secretion (cortex) of each adrenal gland
- secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormone
- cushing
adrenal medulla
- inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland
- secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
ovaries
- located in the lower abdomen of a female
- responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion
pancreas
- located behind the stomach
- islet (alpha beta) cells (islets of langerhans) secrete hormones from pancreas
- pancreas also contains cells that are exocrine function -> secrete enzymes via a duct into the small intestine for digestion
parathyroid gland
- four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland
- people have 3-5
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
- located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica
- composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
- weighs only 1/16 of an ounce
- acromegaly- gigantism
testes
- two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male
- responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion
thyroid gland
located in the neck on either side of the trachea
-secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calclitonin
adrenaline (epinephrine)
- secreted by the adrenal medulla
- increases heart rate and BP
- dilates airways (sympathomimetic)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- stimulates adrenal cortex
-aldosterone
- secreted by the adrenal cortex
- increases salt reabsorption
androgen
- male hormone secreted by the testes and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex
- tesosterone is an example
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- AKA vasopressin
- increases reabsorption of water by the kidney
calcitonin
- secreted by the thyroid gland
- decreases blood calcium levels
cortisol
- secreted by the adrenal cortex
- increases blood sugar
- secreted in times of stress
- anti-inflammatory effect
estradiol
-estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries
estrogen
- female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex
- ex. estradiol and estrone
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- stimulates hormones secretion, egg, sperm production
glucagon
- secreted by alpha islet cells of the pancreas
- increases blood sugar by conversion of glucagon to glucose
growth hormone (GH); somatotropin
- secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues
insulin
- secreted by beta islet cells of the pancreas
- insulin helps glucose to pass into cells
- promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen
luteinizing hormone (LH)
secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland
- stimulates ovulation in females
- stimulates testosterone secretion in male
noepinephrine
- secreted by the adrenal medulla
- increases HR and BP
- sympathomimetic
oxytocin (OT)
- secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- stimulates contraction of the uterus during birth
parathormone (PTH)
- secreted by the parathyroid glands
- increases blood calcium
progesterone
- secreted by the ovaries
- prepares the uterus for pregnancy
prolactin (PRL)
- secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland
- promotes milk secretion
somatotropin (STH)
- secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- growth hormone
testosterone
-male hormones secreted by testes
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin
- secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning
- not secreted by thyroid!
thyroxine (T4)
- secreted by thyroid gland
- aka tetraiodothyronine
- T4 increases metabolism in cells
triiodothyronine (T3)
- secreted by the thyroid gland
- increases metabolism in cells
vasopressin
- secreted by the posterior love of the pituitary gland
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- increases water reabsorption
- raises BP
catecholamines
- hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla
- ex. epinephrine
corticosteroids
- hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex
- ex. cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, estrogen
electrolyte
- mineral salt found in the blood and tissues
- necessary for proper function of cells
- ex. K, Na, Ca
glucocorticoid
-steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex
-regulates glucose, fat, protein metabolism
-
hormone
- chemical, secreted by an endocrine gland
- travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland
hypothalamus
- region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland
- secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland
mineralocorticoid
- steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex
- regulates mineral salts and water balance
- ex. aldosterone
receptor
-cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited
sella turcica
- cavity at the base of the skull
- contains the pituitary gland
sex hormones
-steroids (androgens and estrogens) produced by the adrenal cortex to influence males and female sexual characteristics
steroid
- complex substance related to fats, and of which many hormones are made
- ex. estrogen, androgen. glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
ster/o
solid
-ol
oil
sympathomimetic
- pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system
- adrenaline (epinephrine) is a sympathomimetic hormone -> raises BP and HR, dilates airways
target tissue
-cells of an organ that are effected or stimulated by specific hormones
aden/o
gland
adrenal/o
adrenal gland
gonad/o
sex glands (ovaries and testes)
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyoid/o
parathyroid gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
-hypophysis
thyr/o; thyroid/o
thyroid gland
andr/o
male
calc/o; calci/o
calcium
cortic/o
cortex; outer region
crin/o
secrete
dips/o
thirst
estr/o
female
gluc/o
sugar
glyc/o
sugar
home/o
sameness
hormon/o
hormone
kal/i
postassium
lact/o
milk
myx/o
mucus
natr/i
sodium
phys/o
growing
somat/o
body
ster/o
solid structure
toc/o
childbirth
toxic/o
poison
ur/o
urine
-agon
-assemble, gather together
-emia
blood condtion
-in, -ine
substance
-tropin
stimulating the function of (to turn or act on )
-uria
urine conditon
eu-
good, normal
oxy-
rapid, sharp, acid
pan-
all
poly-
many or increased
hyperthyroidism
- overactivity of the thyroid gland
- thyrotoxicosis
- graces disease
- metabolism is faster -> increase HR, increase body temp, weight loss, increase peristalsis (diarrhea)
exophthalmos
- extrusion of eyeballs
- occurs with hyperthyroidism (graves)
- protosis
- occurs as result of swelling of tissue behind eyeballs
hypothyroidism
- underactivity of thyroid gland
- fatigue, sluggishness, weight gain, fluid retention, slow HR, low body temperature, constipation
- ex. myxedema, cretinism
myxedema
- hypothyroidism
- atrophy of thyroid gland -> no hormone produced
- pale (sometimes yellow) dry skin, brittle hair, sluggish
- prominent tongue
cretinism
- extreme hypothyroidism
- lack of physical and mental growth
- obese short stocky child appearance due to inhibited skeletal growth (but not soft tissue)
goiter
- wide neck
- enlargement of thyroid gland
- endemic goiter- occur in regions where there is lack of iodine (hypo)
- nodular (adenomatous) goiter- hyperplasia, formation of nodules and adenomas (hyper)
en-
in
dem/o
people
crushing syndrome
- group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex
- elevated plasma levels of cortisol
- obesity, rounded facial appearance
- moon face
- thin skin that bruises easily
- muscle weakness
thyroid carcinoma
-cancer of the thyroid gland
hyperparathyroidism
- excessive production of parathormone
- hypercalcemia occurs -> damage to kidneys and heart
- osteoporosis
- kidney stones
hypoparathyroidism
- deficient production of parathyroid hormone
- hypocalcemia -> muscle and nerve weakness, spasms
- tetany- constant muscle contraction
adrenal virilism
- excessive secretion of adrenal androgens
- can cause virilization in adult women -> excessive hair, acne, deep voice -> hirsutism
addison disease
- hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex
- low aldosterone and cortisol -> weakness, muscle atrophy, loss of electrolytes, discoloration
- autoimmune adrenalitis
pheochromocytoma
- benign tumor of the adrenal medulla
- tumor cells stain a dark or dusk color
- tumor cells produce excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
- hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of face, spasms
phe/o
dark or dusky
hyperinsulinism
- excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia
- overdose of insulin
- hypoglycemia occurs
- fainting spells, convulsions
diabetes mellitus (DM)
-lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells
type 1 diabetes mellitus
- autoimmune disease
- autoantibodies against normal pancreatic islet cells
- lack of insulin production
- destructs beta islet cells
- abrupt
- little to no insulin production
- thin
- hyperglycemia -> ketoacidosis
- polydipsia- promotes water loss
- polyuria
- polyphagia
- concentration urine
type 2 diabetes mellitus
- older
- obesity common
- lack of insulin or body’s inability to use insulin efficiently
- resistance by target tissues to insulin
- high BP, high cholesterol
- gradual onset
- insulin usually present
insuin shock
- severe hypoglyemia
- overdose of insulin
- decreased food
- excessive exercise
- confusion, trembling, hunger, sweat
gestational diabetes
-hormonal changes during pregnancy can cause
acromegaly
- hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty leading to enlargement of extremities
- GH stimulates liver to secrete hormone -> acromegaly
gigantism
- hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues
- benign adenomas of pituitary gland
dwarfism
- congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone
- hypopituitary dwarfism
- mental is fine
panhypopituitarism
- deficiency of all pituitary hormones
- tumors of the sella turcica and arterial aneurysms may cause
syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
- excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone
- hypersecretion of ADH -> excess water retention
diabetes insipidus (DI)
- insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone by pituitary gland (vasopressin)
- causes kidney tubules to fail to hold back (reabsorb) needed water and salts
- excessive urination and thirst
- polyuria
- polydipsia
- insipidus- dilute urine
adrenal cortex
hyper -adrenal virilism -cushing syndrome hypo -addison disease
adrenal medulla
hyper:
-pheochromocytoma
pancreas
hyper: -hyperinsulinism hypo: -diabetes mellitus- type 1&2 -hypoglycemia
parathyroid glands
hyper:
-hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, kidney stone)
hypo:
hypoparathyroidism (tetany, hypocalcemia)
pituitary- anterior lobe
hyper: -acromegaly -gigantism hypo: -dwarfism -panhypopituitarism
pituitary- posterior lobe
hyper:
-syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
hypo:
-diabetes insipidus
thyroid gland
hyper: -exophthalmic goiter (graves, thyrotoxicosis) -nodular (adenomatous) goiter hypo: -cretinism -endemic goiter -myxedema
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
- aka fasting blood sugar test
- measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours
- diagnose diabetes and prediabtes
glycosylated hemoglobin (HnA1C) test
- measure percentage of RBC with glucose attached
- long term glucose control test
- high levels indicate poor glucose control
serum and urine tests
- measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function
- growth hormones, somatomedin C, prolactin, gonadotropin level, parathyroid, calcium, cortisol
urinary microalbumin assay
-detect small quantities of albumin in urine as a marker of diabetic nephropathy
thyroid function tests
-measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in blood
thyroid scan
- scanner detects radioactivity, ultrasound, or CT and visualizes the size, shape, and position of thyroid gland
- RAIU- radioactive uptake scan
- function is assessed
- nodules and tumors can be evaluated
functions of endocrine
- metabolism
- reproduction
- growth
- development
- produce hormones
- store hormones
- release hormones into blood
endocrine glands
-ductless
acr/o
extremity, tip
endocrin/o
endocrine
thym/o
thymus gland
graves disease
-condition of excessive secretion of thyroid hormone causing goiter and exophthalmos
hashimoto thyroiditis
autoimmune disease causing chronic thyroiditis
cushing syndrome
-disease caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands
adrenopathy
-disease of the adrenal gland
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- excessive ketones in blood due to breakdown of stored fats for energy
- a complication of diabetes mellitus
- if left untreated, can lead to coma and death
thyroid stimulating hormone
- blood test that measures the amount of thyroid stimulating hormone in the blood
- used to diagnose hyperthyroidism or to monitor thyroid replacement therapy
thyroxine level
-blood test that measures the amount of thyroxine in the blood to diagnose hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
-test of thyroid function by measuring the uptake of iodine by the thyroid
thyroidotomy
incision into thyroid gland
thyroparathyroidectomy
-excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
