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HAN 312 > 7. Urinary System > Flashcards

7. Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

arteriole

A

small artery

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2
Q

calciferol

A

active form of vitamin D, secreted by the kidney

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3
Q

calyx, or calix

A

cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis

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4
Q

catheter

A

-tube for injecting or removing fluids

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5
Q

cortex

A
  • outer region of an organ

- renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney

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6
Q

creatinine

A
  • nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
  • creatine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing (clearing) creatinine from the blood
  • creatinine is a product of muscle metabolism`
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7
Q

electrolyte

A

chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water

  • electrolytes are necessary for functioning of muscles and nerves
  • kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood
  • K and NA are electrolytes
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8
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow

  • stimulates red blood cell production
  • increases the amount of O2 delivered to muscles
  • enhances athletic endurance
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9
Q

-poietin

A

substance that forms

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10
Q

filtration

A

process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter

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11
Q

glomerulus

A

-tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney

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12
Q

hilum

A
  • depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave
  • also used in respiratory system to mark depression in lung where blood vessels, bronchus, lymphatic vessels enter and leave
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13
Q

kidney

A
  • one of two bean shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region
  • filters nitrogenous wastes from the blood stream to form urine
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14
Q

meatus

A

-opening or canal

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15
Q

medulla

A
  • inner region of an organ

- renal medulla- inner kidney

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16
Q

nephron

A
  • combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in kidney
  • functional unit of the kidney
  • capable of forming urine by itself
  • 1 million nephrons in a kidney
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17
Q

nitrogenous waste

A
  • substance containing nitrogen and excreted urine

- ex. urea, uric acid, and creatine

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18
Q

potassium (K)

A
  • electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood
  • K is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses
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19
Q

reabsorption

A

process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

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20
Q

renal artery

A

blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

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21
Q

renal pelvis

A
  • central collecting region in the kidney
  • collects urine
  • reservior
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22
Q

renal tubule

A

microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration

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23
Q

renal vein

A

-blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart

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24
Q

renin

A
  • hormone secreted by the kidney

- it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)

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25
Q

trigone

A

-triangular area in the urinary bladder

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26
Q

urea

A

major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

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27
Q

ureter

A

one of the two tubes leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder

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28
Q

urethra

A

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

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29
Q

uric acid

A

nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine

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30
Q

urinary bladder

A

-hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine

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31
Q

urination (voiding)

A

process of expelling urine

-also called micturition

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32
Q

cali/o, calic/o

A

calyx

-cup shaped

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33
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder

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34
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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35
Q

meat/o

A

meatus

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36
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

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37
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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38
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

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39
Q

trigon/o

A

trigone (region of the bladder)

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40
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

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41
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

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42
Q

vesic/o

A

urinary bladder

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43
Q

hydronephrosis

A

caused by a stone (obstruction) in the proximal part of ureter
-excess fluid in kidneys

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44
Q

hydroureter

A

-caused by a stone in the distal part of the ureter

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45
Q

albumin/o

A

albumin (a protein in the blood)

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46
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogen

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47
Q

bacteri/o

A

bacteria

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48
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

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49
Q

kal/o

A

potassium

50
Q

ket/o, keton/o

A

ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)

51
Q

lith/o

A

stone

52
Q

natr/o

A

sodium

53
Q

noct/o

A

night

54
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

55
Q

py/o

A

ous

56
Q

-tripsy

A

crushing

57
Q

ur/o

A

urine (urea)

58
Q

urin/o

A

urine

59
Q

-urina

A

urination

-urine condition

60
Q

urinalysis

A
  • UA
  • examine urine to determine presence of abnormal elements
  • color
  • appearance- clear, pus, bacteria
  • pH
  • protein
  • glucose
  • specific gravity
  • ketone bodies
  • sediment and casts
  • phenylketonuria (PKU)
  • bilirubin
61
Q

glomerulonephritis

A
  • inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
  • can follow a streptococcal infection
  • results in leaky glomeruli, hematuria, red blood cells casts, albuminuria, and severe renal failure, and uremia
62
Q

interstitial nephritis

A
  • inflammation of connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules
  • connective, supportive tissue lying between the renal tubules is made up of renal interstitial cells
  • acute interstitial nephritis may develop after NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen
  • marked by fever, skin rash, eosinophils in the blood and urine
63
Q

interstitial cells

A

found in addition to essential main functioning cells

-which make up parenchyma

64
Q

nephrolithiasis

A
  • kidney stones (renal calculi)
  • composed of uric acid or calcium salts
  • lodge in ureter or bladder as well as renal pelvis
  • require removal by lithotripsy or surgery sometimes
65
Q

nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)

A
  • group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive proteins loss in urine
  • may follow glomerulonephritis or exposure to toxins or certain drugs, immune disease, and diabetes mellitus, and cancer
  • signs- edema and hypoalbuminemia
  • caused by massive leakage of protein into urine
66
Q

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A
  • multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney
  • two types- asymptomatic until middle age and one in infants or children and results in renal failure
  • marked by hematuria. UTI, nephrolithiasis, and renal failure
67
Q

pyelonephritis

A
  • inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma
  • bacterial infection in the urinary tract causes collections of pus to form in kidney
  • pus goes into blood
  • pyuria
  • antibiotics and surgical correction
68
Q

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

A
  • cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood
  • hematuria is primary abnormal finding
  • often metastasizes to bones and lungs
  • nephrectomy is primary treatment
69
Q

renal failure

A
  • decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function
  • acute of chronic
  • reversible or progressive
  • mild or severe
  • chronic kidney disease (CKD) is ranked in stages out of 5
  • ARF- acute
  • CRF- chronic
  • kidney fails to excrete urine
70
Q

renal hypertension

A
  • high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

- secondary hypertension- high blood pressure caused by abnormal condition such as glomerulonephritis

71
Q

wilms tumor

A
  • malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood

- may be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy

72
Q

bladder cancer

A
  • malignant tumor of the urinary bladder
  • often in old male smokers
  • signs- visible or microscopic hematuria and dysuria
  • diagnosis with cystoscopy with biopsy
  • stage of tumor is based on depth
  • superficial tumors removed by burning
  • cystectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy for deep bladder tumors
73
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH
  • kidney produces a lot of dilute urine (polyuria)
  • lack of ADH causes lack of water reabsorption
  • dilute urine
74
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A
  • insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects
  • signs- glycosuria, hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia
  • sugar remains in blood and spills over into urine
  • sweet pee
75
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A
  • measurement of urea levels in blood
  • normally urea levels are low bc its constantly excreted in the urine
  • kidney is disease or fails -> urea accumulates in blood (uremia), leading to unconsciousness and death
76
Q

creatinine clearance

A
  • measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney
  • asses the function of kidney
  • blood sample is drawn and creatinine concentration is compared to amount of creatinine in urine
  • if creatinine is higher in blood -> bad
  • creatinine clearance is useful indicator of GFR
77
Q

CT urography

A
  • x-ray images obtained using computed tomography (CT) show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney
  • used to detect kidney stones to evaluate patients with hematuria
78
Q

kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)

A
  • x-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
  • demonstrates size and location of kidneys in relation to other organs in abdominopelvic region
79
Q

renal angiography

A
  • x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney
  • diagnose obstructions or constriction of blood vessels leading to the kidney
80
Q

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

A
  • x-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder
  • useful in locating urinary stones and obstructions
81
Q

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

A
  • x-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding
  • bladder is filled with contrast material followed by fluoroscopy
  • reflux of contrast into the ureters is abnormal and may occur with recurrent UTIs
82
Q

ultrasonography

A
  • imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves
  • kidney size, tumors, hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney disease, and ureteral and bladder obstruction can be diagnosed using ultrasound techniques
83
Q

radioisotope scan

A
  • image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the blood stream
  • show size and shape of kidney (renal scan) and functioning (renogram)
  • indicate narrowing of blood vessels, diagnose obstruction , and determine individual functioning of each kidney
84
Q

MRI urography

A
  • changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in 3 planes of the body
  • useful for visualizing tumor invasion of blood vessels, lymph nodes, and adjacent tissues
85
Q

cystoscopy

A
  • direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)
  • two methods
  • flexible cystoscopy- thin fiberoptic cystoscope used for diagnosis and checkup of urinary bladder
  • rigid cystoscopy-uses hollow metal tube, passed through urethra and into bladder
  • used to take biopsy samples, remove polyps, or perform laser treatments
86
Q

dialysis

A
  • process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from blood
  • used to treat acute or chronic renal failure and some cases of drug use
  • two methods- hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD)
87
Q

hemodialysis (HD)

A
  • uses artificial kidney that receives waste filled blood from patients blood stream
  • filters through an artificial porous membrane and returns blood back
  • arteriovenous fistula (communication between to the patients and a vein) created surgically to provide easy access
  • removal of waste products from the blood by pumping the blood through a machine that works as an artificial kidney
88
Q

peritoneal dialysis (PD)

A
  • uses a catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abs)
  • waste material (urea) in the capillaries of peritoneum pass out of the blood stream and into fluid
  • fluid with wastes is then removed by catheter
  • can be done without mechanical support
  • removal of waste products in the blood or impurities from the body by using the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity as a filter
89
Q

lithotripsy

A
  • urinary tract stones are crushed
  • extracorporeal method uses shock waves from outside the body
  • patient receives light sedation or an anesthetic
  • stone pass after
  • ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy)
90
Q

renal angioplasty

A
  • dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries
  • balloon attached to a catheter is inserted into the artery and then inflated to enlarge the vessel diameter
  • stents may be inserted to keep vessel open after
  • used to treat renal hypertension and to preserve renal function
91
Q

renal biopsy

A
  • removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination
  • biopsy may be performed at the time of surgery (open) or through the skin (percutaneous/closed)
  • latter technique- patient lies in prone -> anesthesia -> inserts needle into kidney
92
Q

renal transplantation

A
  • surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient
  • isograft- twin
  • allograft- random person
  • cadaver transplant- from time of death
93
Q

urinary catheterization

A
  • passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder
  • short-or-long-term drainage of urine
  • foley catheter- indwelling (left in the bladder) held in place by balloon inflated with liquid
94
Q

cystic

A

pertaining to the urinary bladder

95
Q

genitourinary (GU)

A

pertaining to the organs of reproduction and urination

96
Q

glycosuria

A

glucose in the urine

97
Q

bacteriuria

A

bacteria in the urine

98
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

99
Q

albuminuria

A

albumin in the urine

-specific protein

100
Q

proteinuria

A

protein in the urine

101
Q

pyuria

A

pus in the urine

102
Q

micturition

A

process of releasing urine from the bladder

103
Q

nephric

A

pertaining to the kidney

104
Q

diuresis

A

-condition of excreting increased amounts of urine

105
Q

dysuria

A

difficulty urinating or painful urination

106
Q

enuresis

A

-involuntary discharge of urine

107
Q

nocturia

A

excessive urination at night

108
Q

oliguria

A

scanty amount of urine

109
Q

polyuria

A

excessive and frequent urination

110
Q

stress urinary incontinence

A

-involuntary discharge of urine during coughing, straining, or sudden movement

111
Q

urinary retention

A

-abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder due to inability to empty the bladder

112
Q

hydronephrosis

A
  • buildup of urine in the kidney caused by obstruction of urine flow
  • usually due to stone
113
Q

hydroureter

A

buildup of urine in the ureters caused by obstruction of urine flow
-usually due to stone

114
Q

renal calculus

A

stone in kidney

115
Q

ureterolith

A

stone in ureter

116
Q

end-stage renal disease

A
  • ESRD
  • final phase of chronic kidney disease
  • commonly caused by diabetes
117
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

condition in which many cysts occur within and upon the kidneys
-resulting in the loss of functional tissue

118
Q

specific gravity (SG)

A

-test to measure the concentration of urine

119
Q

intravenous pyelography (IVP)

A

-process of making an x-ray of the urinary tract after injection of a contrast dye into the blood stream

120
Q

cystorrhaphy

A

suturing of the bladder

121
Q

diuretic

A

increases amount of urine secreted

122
Q

urinary analgesic

A

relieves pain within the urinary system

HAN 312 (19 decks)

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