7. Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
arteriole
A
small artery
2
Q
calciferol
A
active form of vitamin D, secreted by the kidney
3
Q
calyx, or calix
A
cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis
4
Q
catheter
A
-tube for injecting or removing fluids
5
Q
cortex
A
- outer region of an organ
- renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney
6
Q
creatinine
A
- nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
- creatine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing (clearing) creatinine from the blood
- creatinine is a product of muscle metabolism`
7
Q
electrolyte
A
chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water
- electrolytes are necessary for functioning of muscles and nerves
- kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood
- K and NA are electrolytes
8
Q
erythropoietin (EPO)
A
hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow
- stimulates red blood cell production
- increases the amount of O2 delivered to muscles
- enhances athletic endurance
9
Q
-poietin
A
substance that forms
10
Q
filtration
A
process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter
11
Q
glomerulus
A
-tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney
12
Q
hilum
A
- depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave
- also used in respiratory system to mark depression in lung where blood vessels, bronchus, lymphatic vessels enter and leave
13
Q
kidney
A
- one of two bean shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region
- filters nitrogenous wastes from the blood stream to form urine
14
Q
meatus
A
-opening or canal
15
Q
medulla
A
- inner region of an organ
- renal medulla- inner kidney
16
Q
nephron
A
- combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in kidney
- functional unit of the kidney
- capable of forming urine by itself
- 1 million nephrons in a kidney
17
Q
nitrogenous waste
A
- substance containing nitrogen and excreted urine
- ex. urea, uric acid, and creatine
18
Q
potassium (K)
A
- electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood
- K is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses
19
Q
reabsorption
A
process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream
20
Q
renal artery
A
blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney
21
Q
renal pelvis
A
- central collecting region in the kidney
- collects urine
- reservior
22
Q
renal tubule
A
microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration
23
Q
renal vein
A
-blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart
24
Q
renin
A
- hormone secreted by the kidney
- it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
25
trigone
-triangular area in the urinary bladder
26
urea
major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
27
ureter
one of the two tubes leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder
28
urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
29
uric acid
nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine
30
urinary bladder
-hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine
31
urination (voiding)
process of expelling urine
| -also called micturition
32
cali/o, calic/o
calyx
| -cup shaped
33
cyst/o
urinary bladder
34
glomerul/o
glomerulus
35
meat/o
meatus
36
nephr/o
kidney
37
pyel/o
renal pelvis
38
ren/o
kidney
39
trigon/o
trigone (region of the bladder)
40
ureter/o
ureter
41
urethr/o
urethra
42
vesic/o
urinary bladder
43
hydronephrosis
caused by a stone (obstruction) in the proximal part of ureter
-excess fluid in kidneys
44
hydroureter
-caused by a stone in the distal part of the ureter
45
albumin/o
albumin (a protein in the blood)
46
azot/o
nitrogen
47
bacteri/o
bacteria
48
dips/o
thirst
49
kal/o
potassium
50
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)
51
lith/o
stone
52
natr/o
sodium
53
noct/o
night
54
olig/o
scanty
55
py/o
ous
56
-tripsy
crushing
57
ur/o
urine (urea)
58
urin/o
urine
59
-urina
urination
| -urine condition
60
urinalysis
- UA
- examine urine to determine presence of abnormal elements
- color
- appearance- clear, pus, bacteria
- pH
- protein
- glucose
- specific gravity
- ketone bodies
- sediment and casts
- phenylketonuria (PKU)
- bilirubin
61
glomerulonephritis
- inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
- can follow a streptococcal infection
- results in leaky glomeruli, hematuria, red blood cells casts, albuminuria, and severe renal failure, and uremia
62
interstitial nephritis
- inflammation of connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules
- connective, supportive tissue lying between the renal tubules is made up of renal interstitial cells
- acute interstitial nephritis may develop after NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen
- marked by fever, skin rash, eosinophils in the blood and urine
63
interstitial cells
found in addition to essential main functioning cells
| -which make up parenchyma
64
nephrolithiasis
- kidney stones (renal calculi)
- composed of uric acid or calcium salts
- lodge in ureter or bladder as well as renal pelvis
- require removal by lithotripsy or surgery sometimes
65
nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
- group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive proteins loss in urine
- may follow glomerulonephritis or exposure to toxins or certain drugs, immune disease, and diabetes mellitus, and cancer
- signs- edema and hypoalbuminemia
- caused by massive leakage of protein into urine
66
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
- multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney
- two types- asymptomatic until middle age and one in infants or children and results in renal failure
- marked by hematuria. UTI, nephrolithiasis, and renal failure
67
pyelonephritis
- inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma
- bacterial infection in the urinary tract causes collections of pus to form in kidney
- pus goes into blood
- pyuria
- antibiotics and surgical correction
68
renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
- cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood
- hematuria is primary abnormal finding
- often metastasizes to bones and lungs
- nephrectomy is primary treatment
69
renal failure
- decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function
- acute of chronic
- reversible or progressive
- mild or severe
- chronic kidney disease (CKD) is ranked in stages out of 5
- ARF- acute
- CRF- chronic
- kidney fails to excrete urine
70
renal hypertension
- high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
| - secondary hypertension- high blood pressure caused by abnormal condition such as glomerulonephritis
71
wilms tumor
- malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood
| - may be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy
72
bladder cancer
- malignant tumor of the urinary bladder
- often in old male smokers
- signs- visible or microscopic hematuria and dysuria
- diagnosis with cystoscopy with biopsy
- stage of tumor is based on depth
- superficial tumors removed by burning
- cystectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy for deep bladder tumors
73
diabetes insipidus (DI)
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH
- kidney produces a lot of dilute urine (polyuria)
- lack of ADH causes lack of water reabsorption
- dilute urine
74
diabetes mellitus (DM)
- insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects
- signs- glycosuria, hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia
- sugar remains in blood and spills over into urine
- sweet pee
75
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- measurement of urea levels in blood
- normally urea levels are low bc its constantly excreted in the urine
- kidney is disease or fails -> urea accumulates in blood (uremia), leading to unconsciousness and death
76
creatinine clearance
- measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney
- asses the function of kidney
- blood sample is drawn and creatinine concentration is compared to amount of creatinine in urine
- if creatinine is higher in blood -> bad
- creatinine clearance is useful indicator of GFR
77
CT urography
- x-ray images obtained using computed tomography (CT) show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney
- used to detect kidney stones to evaluate patients with hematuria
78
kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)
- x-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
- demonstrates size and location of kidneys in relation to other organs in abdominopelvic region
79
renal angiography
- x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney
- diagnose obstructions or constriction of blood vessels leading to the kidney
80
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
- x-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder
- useful in locating urinary stones and obstructions
81
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
- x-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding
- bladder is filled with contrast material followed by fluoroscopy
- reflux of contrast into the ureters is abnormal and may occur with recurrent UTIs
82
ultrasonography
- imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves
- kidney size, tumors, hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney disease, and ureteral and bladder obstruction can be diagnosed using ultrasound techniques
83
radioisotope scan
- image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the blood stream
- show size and shape of kidney (renal scan) and functioning (renogram)
- indicate narrowing of blood vessels, diagnose obstruction , and determine individual functioning of each kidney
84
MRI urography
- changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in 3 planes of the body
- useful for visualizing tumor invasion of blood vessels, lymph nodes, and adjacent tissues
85
cystoscopy
- direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)
- two methods
- flexible cystoscopy- thin fiberoptic cystoscope used for diagnosis and checkup of urinary bladder
- rigid cystoscopy-uses hollow metal tube, passed through urethra and into bladder
- used to take biopsy samples, remove polyps, or perform laser treatments
86
dialysis
- process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from blood
- used to treat acute or chronic renal failure and some cases of drug use
- two methods- hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD)
87
hemodialysis (HD)
- uses artificial kidney that receives waste filled blood from patients blood stream
- filters through an artificial porous membrane and returns blood back
- arteriovenous fistula (communication between to the patients and a vein) created surgically to provide easy access
- removal of waste products from the blood by pumping the blood through a machine that works as an artificial kidney
88
peritoneal dialysis (PD)
- uses a catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abs)
- waste material (urea) in the capillaries of peritoneum pass out of the blood stream and into fluid
- fluid with wastes is then removed by catheter
- can be done without mechanical support
- removal of waste products in the blood or impurities from the body by using the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity as a filter
89
lithotripsy
- urinary tract stones are crushed
- extracorporeal method uses shock waves from outside the body
- patient receives light sedation or an anesthetic
- stone pass after
- ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy)
90
renal angioplasty
- dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries
- balloon attached to a catheter is inserted into the artery and then inflated to enlarge the vessel diameter
- stents may be inserted to keep vessel open after
- used to treat renal hypertension and to preserve renal function
91
renal biopsy
- removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination
- biopsy may be performed at the time of surgery (open) or through the skin (percutaneous/closed)
- latter technique- patient lies in prone -> anesthesia -> inserts needle into kidney
92
renal transplantation
- surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient
- isograft- twin
- allograft- random person
- cadaver transplant- from time of death
93
urinary catheterization
- passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder
- short-or-long-term drainage of urine
- foley catheter- indwelling (left in the bladder) held in place by balloon inflated with liquid
94
cystic
pertaining to the urinary bladder
95
genitourinary (GU)
pertaining to the organs of reproduction and urination
96
glycosuria
glucose in the urine
97
bacteriuria
bacteria in the urine
98
hematuria
blood in urine
99
albuminuria
albumin in the urine
| -specific protein
100
proteinuria
protein in the urine
101
pyuria
pus in the urine
102
micturition
process of releasing urine from the bladder
103
nephric
pertaining to the kidney
104
diuresis
-condition of excreting increased amounts of urine
105
dysuria
difficulty urinating or painful urination
106
enuresis
-involuntary discharge of urine
107
nocturia
excessive urination at night
108
oliguria
scanty amount of urine
109
polyuria
excessive and frequent urination
110
stress urinary incontinence
-involuntary discharge of urine during coughing, straining, or sudden movement
111
urinary retention
-abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder due to inability to empty the bladder
112
hydronephrosis
- buildup of urine in the kidney caused by obstruction of urine flow
- usually due to stone
113
hydroureter
buildup of urine in the ureters caused by obstruction of urine flow
-usually due to stone
114
renal calculus
stone in kidney
115
ureterolith
stone in ureter
116
end-stage renal disease
- ESRD
- final phase of chronic kidney disease
- commonly caused by diabetes
117
polycystic kidney disease
condition in which many cysts occur within and upon the kidneys
-resulting in the loss of functional tissue
118
specific gravity (SG)
-test to measure the concentration of urine
119
intravenous pyelography (IVP)
-process of making an x-ray of the urinary tract after injection of a contrast dye into the blood stream
120
cystorrhaphy
suturing of the bladder
121
diuretic
increases amount of urine secreted
122
urinary analgesic
relieves pain within the urinary system
