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HAN 312 > 14. Immune > Flashcards

14. Immune Flashcards

1
Q

Lymph

A
  • colorless
  • no pump- fluid moved along by muscle movement and valves
  • WBC- lymphocytes & monocytes
  • interstitial fluid- water, less protein and other plasma components, lipids (fats) from small intestine
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2
Q

blood

A
  • red
  • pump- heart pumps blood through blood vessels
  • all blood cells- RBC, WBC, platelets
  • plasma- water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, and wastes
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3
Q

adaptive immunity

A
  • the ability to recognize and remember specific antigen and mount an attack on them
  • humoral (b cells) and cell mediated immunity (t cells) are examples
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4
Q

adenoids

A

mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

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5
Q

antibody

A

-protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens

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6
Q

antigen

A
  • substance that the body recognizes as foreign
  • evokes an immune response
  • most antigens are protein or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, virsuses, or organ transplant tissue cells
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7
Q

axillary nodes

A

-lymph nodes in in the armpit

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8
Q

B cell (B lymphocyte)

A

-lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies

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9
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A
  • T cells (cytotoxic, helper and suppressor) responds to antigens and destroy them
  • a type of adaptive immunity
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10
Q

cervical nodes

A

-lymph nodes in the neck region

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11
Q

complement system

A

-set of proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target

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12
Q

cytokines

A
  • proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction
  • ex. interferons, interleukins
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13
Q

cytotoxic T cell

A
  • lymphocyte that directly kills antigens

- called (CD8+) T cell

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14
Q

dendritic cell

A

antigen-presenting cell

-shows T and B cells what to attack

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15
Q

helper T cell

A

lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells

-also called (CD4+) T cell

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16
Q

humoral immunity

A

B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens
-type of adaptive immunity

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17
Q

immunity

A
  • bodys ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs
  • includes natural immunity and adaptive immunity
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18
Q

immunoglobulins

A
  • antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD

- secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen

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19
Q

immunotherapy

A

-use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease

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20
Q

inguinal nodes

A

-lymph nodes in the groin region

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21
Q

interferons

A

proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune repsonse

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22
Q

interleukins

A

-proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes

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23
Q

interstitial fluid

A
  • fluid in the spaces between cells

- this fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries

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24
Q

lymph

A

-thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body

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25
Q

lymph capillaries

A

-tiniest lymphatic vessels

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26
Q

lymphoid organs

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • thymus gland
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27
Q

lymph node

A
  • collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue alone lymph vessels
  • contains cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that fight infection
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28
Q

lymph vessel

A
  • carrier of lymph throughout the body

- lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest

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29
Q

macrophage

A

-large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body

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30
Q

phag/o

A

eat or swallow

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31
Q

mediastinal nodes

A

-lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic (chest) cavity

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32
Q

mesenteric nodes

A

-lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region)

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33
Q

monoclonal antibody

A
  • antibody produced in a lab to attack antigens and to destroy cells
  • useful in immunotherapy
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34
Q

natural immunity

A
  • protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells
  • not antigen specific and doe snot elicit memory
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35
Q

paraaortic nodes

A

lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body

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36
Q

plasma cell

A

lymphocyte that secretes antibodies

-matures from B lymphocytes

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37
Q

right lymphatic duct

A
  • lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body
  • empties lymph into a large vein in the neck
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38
Q

spleen

A
  • organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn out RBC
  • activates lymphocytes
  • stores blood
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39
Q

suppressor T cell

A

lymphocyte that inhibits that activity of B and T cells

-aka treg (regulatory T cell)

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40
Q

T cell (T lymphocyte)

A

lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferon and interleukins that are toxic to antigens

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41
Q

tolerance

A
  • the ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the bodys own antigens as self or friendly
  • once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body
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42
Q

thoracic duct

A
  • large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head, beck, arm, and chest)
  • empties lymph into large veins in neck
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43
Q

thymus gland

A

-lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response

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44
Q

tonsils

A

-masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx

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45
Q

toxin

A
  • poison

- protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants

46
Q

vaccination

A
  • exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes and immune response
  • the response will destroy and cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection
47
Q

vaccine

A

-weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease

48
Q

immun/o

A

protection

49
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

50
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph node

51
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

52
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

53
Q

tox/o

A

poison

54
Q

hypersplenism

A
  • syndrome marked by splenomegaly

- associated with blood cell destruction, anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia

55
Q

ana-

A

again, anew

56
Q

inter-

A

between

57
Q

-stitial

A

-pertaining to standing or positioned

58
Q

-phylaxis

A

-protection

59
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A
  • group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems
  • cause by HIV
  • infectious diseases associated with AIDS are called opportunistic infections (kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma, wasting syndrome)
60
Q

HIV

A
  • destroys helper T cells

- drugs inhibit reverse transcriptase

61
Q

candidiasis

A

-yeast-like fungus (candida), normally present in the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina, overgrows, causing infection of the mouth (thrush), respiratory tracts, and skin

62
Q

cryptococcal infection (crypto)

A
  • yeast-like fungus (cryptococcus) causes lung, brain, and blood infections
  • pathogen found in pigeon droppings and nesting places, air, water and soil
63
Q

cryptosporidiosis

A
  • parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord
  • the pathogen cryptosporidium is commonly found in farm animals
64
Q

cytomegalovirus

A
  • virus causes enteritis and retinitis (inflammation of the retina at the back of the eye)
  • found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood, and breast milk, but usually causes disease only when the immune system is compromised
65
Q

herpes simplex

A
  • viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose on the genitals
  • can cause encephalitis
66
Q

histoplasmosis

A
  • fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with histoplasma capsulatum
  • causes fever, chills, and lung infection
  • pathogen is found in bird and bat droppings
67
Q

mycobacterium aviumintracellulare (MAI) complex infection

A

-bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections

68
Q

pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

A
  • one celled organism causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain
  • pathogen is found in air, water and soil and is carried by animals
  • infection is treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (bactrim)- combination of several antibiotics or pentamidine
69
Q

toxoplasmosis

A
  • parasitic infection involving the CNS and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis (slight paralysis in half of the body), and seizures
  • pathogen (toxoplasma) is acquired by eating uncooked lamb or pork, unpasteurized dairy products, or raw eggs or vegetables
70
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A
  • bacterial disease (caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis) involving the lungs, brain, and other organs
  • signs and symptoms are fever, cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum
71
Q

transmission of aids

A
  • receptive oral and anal intercourse-men and women
  • receptive vaginal intercourse- women
  • sharing of needles and equipment (user of intravenous drugs) men and women
  • contaminated blood (for transfusion) or blood products- men and women (with hemophilia)
  • from mother- in utero or by breast feeding- neonates
72
Q

allergy

A
  • abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen
  • violent reaction to allergen
  • allergic rhiitis- hay fever
  • systemic anaphylaxis
73
Q

all/o

A

other

74
Q

atopic dermatitis

A
  • allergic reaction from soaps, chemicals, cosmetics,

- atopy- hypersensitivity

75
Q

lymphoma

A
  • malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
  • hodgkin lymphoma- tumor lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes -> lymphadenopathy
  • nonhodgkin lymphomas- follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma, mostly B cell lymphomas
76
Q

multiple myeloma

A
  • malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
  • tumor composed of plasma cells (antibody producing B lymphocytes) associated with high levels of one of the specific immunoglobulins
77
Q

thymoma

A

-malignant tumor of the thymus gland

78
Q

allergen

A
  • substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body
  • type of antigen
79
Q

anaphylaxis

A

-exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance

80
Q

atopy

A

-hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition

81
Q

CD4+ cells

A
  • helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface
  • HIV binds to CD4 and infect and kills T cells bearing this protein
  • AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells
82
Q

hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes
  • reed-sternberg cells are often found on microscopic analysis
83
Q

human immunodeficiency virus HIV

A

-virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS

84
Q

kaposi sarcom

A
  • malignant lesion associated with AIDS

- arises from the lining of capillaries and appears as red, purple, brown, or block skin nodules

85
Q

non-hodgkin lymphomas

A
  • group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue

- ex. follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma

86
Q

opportunistic infection

A
  • infectious diseases associated with AIDS
  • they occur because HIV infection lowers the bodys resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contained
87
Q

protease inhibitor

A

-drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV

88
Q

reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI)

A

-drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV

89
Q

wasting syndrome

A
  • weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity
  • associated with AIDS
90
Q

CD4+ cell count

A

-measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS

91
Q

ELISA

A

-screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream

92
Q

immunoelectrophoresis

A

-tests that separate immunoglobulins

93
Q

viral load test

A

-measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream

94
Q

computed tomography (CT) scan

A

-x-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures

95
Q

titers

A
  • drawing blood to see if the vaccines have worked
  • did the vaccine give you immunity
  • is there an antibody response
  • you need this for measles, rubella
96
Q

acquired immunity

A
  • two types: active and passive
  • both are acquired from an outside source (artificial)
  • active- having an infection, vaccination, transfer of immune cells from a donor
  • passive- antitoxins, immunoglobulins, maternal antibodies
97
Q

natural immunity

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • phagocytosis
  • marcophages
  • natural killer (NK) cells
98
Q

antitoxins

A

-for snake bites
-spider bites
-if you live in the south this is important
-

99
Q

major sites of lymphatic tissue

A
  • cervical
  • axillary
  • mediastinal
  • inguinal
100
Q

lymph vessels

A
  • transport the lymph from the body tissues to the venous system
  • valves facilitate one way transport of lymph
101
Q

brady-

A

slow

102
Q

tachy-

A

fast

103
Q

tel-

A

end

104
Q

edema

A
  • accumulation of excess fluid in intercellular spaces

- can be caused by blockage of lymph vessels

105
Q

lymphedema

A

edema due to a blocked lymph node or lymph vessel

106
Q

lymphangiitis

A

-inflammation of a lymph vessel

107
Q

pitting edema

A

-edema that retains an indentation of a finger that had been pressed firmly on the skin

108
Q

elephantiasis

A

-enlargement of the lower extremities due to blockage of lymph vessels commonly caused by filarial worms

109
Q

filariae

A
  • small parasitic worms that are transmitted by mosquitoes

- the worms invade tissues as embryos and block lymph vessels as they grow

110
Q

autoimmunity

A

-ones immune system attacking its own tissue cells

111
Q

virulent

A

denotes an extremely toxic pathogen

112
Q

systemic

A

pertaining to the body as a whole

HAN 312 (19 decks)

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