14. Immune Flashcards
1
Q
Lymph
A
- colorless
- no pump- fluid moved along by muscle movement and valves
- WBC- lymphocytes & monocytes
- interstitial fluid- water, less protein and other plasma components, lipids (fats) from small intestine
2
Q
blood
A
- red
- pump- heart pumps blood through blood vessels
- all blood cells- RBC, WBC, platelets
- plasma- water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, and wastes
3
Q
adaptive immunity
A
- the ability to recognize and remember specific antigen and mount an attack on them
- humoral (b cells) and cell mediated immunity (t cells) are examples
4
Q
adenoids
A
mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx
5
Q
antibody
A
-protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens
6
Q
antigen
A
- substance that the body recognizes as foreign
- evokes an immune response
- most antigens are protein or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, virsuses, or organ transplant tissue cells
7
Q
axillary nodes
A
-lymph nodes in in the armpit
8
Q
B cell (B lymphocyte)
A
-lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies
9
Q
cell-mediated immunity
A
- T cells (cytotoxic, helper and suppressor) responds to antigens and destroy them
- a type of adaptive immunity
10
Q
cervical nodes
A
-lymph nodes in the neck region
11
Q
complement system
A
-set of proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target
12
Q
cytokines
A
- proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction
- ex. interferons, interleukins
13
Q
cytotoxic T cell
A
- lymphocyte that directly kills antigens
- called (CD8+) T cell
14
Q
dendritic cell
A
antigen-presenting cell
-shows T and B cells what to attack
15
Q
helper T cell
A
lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells
-also called (CD4+) T cell
16
Q
humoral immunity
A
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens
-type of adaptive immunity
17
Q
immunity
A
- bodys ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs
- includes natural immunity and adaptive immunity
18
Q
immunoglobulins
A
- antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD
- secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen
19
Q
immunotherapy
A
-use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease
20
Q
inguinal nodes
A
-lymph nodes in the groin region
21
Q
interferons
A
proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune repsonse
22
Q
interleukins
A
-proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes
23
Q
interstitial fluid
A
- fluid in the spaces between cells
- this fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries
24
Q
lymph
A
-thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body
25
lymph capillaries
-tiniest lymphatic vessels
26
lymphoid organs
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- thymus gland
27
lymph node
- collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue alone lymph vessels
- contains cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that fight infection
28
lymph vessel
- carrier of lymph throughout the body
| - lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest
29
macrophage
-large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body
30
phag/o
eat or swallow
31
mediastinal nodes
-lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic (chest) cavity
32
mesenteric nodes
-lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region)
33
monoclonal antibody
- antibody produced in a lab to attack antigens and to destroy cells
- useful in immunotherapy
34
natural immunity
- protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells
- not antigen specific and doe snot elicit memory
35
paraaortic nodes
lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body
36
plasma cell
lymphocyte that secretes antibodies
| -matures from B lymphocytes
37
right lymphatic duct
- lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body
- empties lymph into a large vein in the neck
38
spleen
- organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn out RBC
- activates lymphocytes
- stores blood
39
suppressor T cell
lymphocyte that inhibits that activity of B and T cells
| -aka treg (regulatory T cell)
40
T cell (T lymphocyte)
lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferon and interleukins that are toxic to antigens
41
tolerance
- the ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the bodys own antigens as self or friendly
- once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body
42
thoracic duct
- large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head, beck, arm, and chest)
- empties lymph into large veins in neck
43
thymus gland
-lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response
44
tonsils
-masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx
45
toxin
- poison
| - protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants
46
vaccination
- exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes and immune response
- the response will destroy and cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection
47
vaccine
-weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease
48
immun/o
protection
49
lymph/o
lymph
50
lymphaden/o
lymph node
51
splen/o
spleen
52
thym/o
thymus gland
53
tox/o
poison
54
hypersplenism
- syndrome marked by splenomegaly
| - associated with blood cell destruction, anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia
55
ana-
again, anew
56
inter-
between
57
-stitial
-pertaining to standing or positioned
58
-phylaxis
-protection
59
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems
- cause by HIV
- infectious diseases associated with AIDS are called opportunistic infections (kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma, wasting syndrome)
60
HIV
- destroys helper T cells
| - drugs inhibit reverse transcriptase
61
candidiasis
-yeast-like fungus (candida), normally present in the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina, overgrows, causing infection of the mouth (thrush), respiratory tracts, and skin
62
cryptococcal infection (crypto)
- yeast-like fungus (cryptococcus) causes lung, brain, and blood infections
- pathogen found in pigeon droppings and nesting places, air, water and soil
63
cryptosporidiosis
- parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord
- the pathogen cryptosporidium is commonly found in farm animals
64
cytomegalovirus
- virus causes enteritis and retinitis (inflammation of the retina at the back of the eye)
- found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood, and breast milk, but usually causes disease only when the immune system is compromised
65
herpes simplex
- viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose on the genitals
- can cause encephalitis
66
histoplasmosis
- fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with histoplasma capsulatum
- causes fever, chills, and lung infection
- pathogen is found in bird and bat droppings
67
mycobacterium aviumintracellulare (MAI) complex infection
-bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections
68
pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
- one celled organism causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain
- pathogen is found in air, water and soil and is carried by animals
- infection is treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (bactrim)- combination of several antibiotics or pentamidine
69
toxoplasmosis
- parasitic infection involving the CNS and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis (slight paralysis in half of the body), and seizures
- pathogen (toxoplasma) is acquired by eating uncooked lamb or pork, unpasteurized dairy products, or raw eggs or vegetables
70
tuberculosis (TB)
- bacterial disease (caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis) involving the lungs, brain, and other organs
- signs and symptoms are fever, cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum
71
transmission of aids
- receptive oral and anal intercourse-men and women
- receptive vaginal intercourse- women
- sharing of needles and equipment (user of intravenous drugs) men and women
- contaminated blood (for transfusion) or blood products- men and women (with hemophilia)
- from mother- in utero or by breast feeding- neonates
72
allergy
- abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen
- violent reaction to allergen
- allergic rhiitis- hay fever
- systemic anaphylaxis
73
all/o
other
74
atopic dermatitis
- allergic reaction from soaps, chemicals, cosmetics,
| - atopy- hypersensitivity
75
lymphoma
- malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
- hodgkin lymphoma- tumor lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes -> lymphadenopathy
- nonhodgkin lymphomas- follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma, mostly B cell lymphomas
76
multiple myeloma
- malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
- tumor composed of plasma cells (antibody producing B lymphocytes) associated with high levels of one of the specific immunoglobulins
77
thymoma
-malignant tumor of the thymus gland
78
allergen
- substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body
- type of antigen
79
anaphylaxis
-exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance
80
atopy
-hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition
81
CD4+ cells
- helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface
- HIV binds to CD4 and infect and kills T cells bearing this protein
- AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells
82
hodgkin lymphoma
- malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes
- reed-sternberg cells are often found on microscopic analysis
83
human immunodeficiency virus HIV
-virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS
84
kaposi sarcom
- malignant lesion associated with AIDS
| - arises from the lining of capillaries and appears as red, purple, brown, or block skin nodules
85
non-hodgkin lymphomas
- group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue
| - ex. follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma
86
opportunistic infection
- infectious diseases associated with AIDS
- they occur because HIV infection lowers the bodys resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contained
87
protease inhibitor
-drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV
88
reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI)
-drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV
89
wasting syndrome
- weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity
- associated with AIDS
90
CD4+ cell count
-measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS
91
ELISA
-screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream
92
immunoelectrophoresis
-tests that separate immunoglobulins
93
viral load test
-measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream
94
computed tomography (CT) scan
-x-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures
95
titers
- drawing blood to see if the vaccines have worked
- did the vaccine give you immunity
- is there an antibody response
- you need this for measles, rubella
96
acquired immunity
- two types: active and passive
- both are acquired from an outside source (artificial)
- active- having an infection, vaccination, transfer of immune cells from a donor
- passive- antitoxins, immunoglobulins, maternal antibodies
97
natural immunity
- genetic predisposition
- phagocytosis
- marcophages
- natural killer (NK) cells
98
antitoxins
-for snake bites
-spider bites
-if you live in the south this is important
-
99
major sites of lymphatic tissue
- cervical
- axillary
- mediastinal
- inguinal
100
lymph vessels
- transport the lymph from the body tissues to the venous system
- valves facilitate one way transport of lymph
101
brady-
slow
102
tachy-
fast
103
tel-
end
104
edema
- accumulation of excess fluid in intercellular spaces
| - can be caused by blockage of lymph vessels
105
lymphedema
edema due to a blocked lymph node or lymph vessel
106
lymphangiitis
-inflammation of a lymph vessel
107
pitting edema
-edema that retains an indentation of a finger that had been pressed firmly on the skin
108
elephantiasis
-enlargement of the lower extremities due to blockage of lymph vessels commonly caused by filarial worms
109
filariae
- small parasitic worms that are transmitted by mosquitoes
| - the worms invade tissues as embryos and block lymph vessels as they grow
110
autoimmunity
-ones immune system attacking its own tissue cells
111
virulent
denotes an extremely toxic pathogen
112
systemic
pertaining to the body as a whole
