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HAN 312 > 15. Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

15. Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

true ribs

A

1-7

-joins up individually at the midline, sternum

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2
Q

false ribs

A

8-12

  • do not join up individually
  • cartilages join up before
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3
Q

floating ribs

A

11, 12

  • caught off at lateral aspect
  • protect kidneys
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4
Q

thorax

A
  • bilateral
  • each ribs stems from the thoracic vetebral body
  • cartilage between rib and sternum
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5
Q

xiphoid process

A

-cartilage

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6
Q

lateral curvature of the spinal column

A

scoliosis

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7
Q

curvature

A
  • lordosis
  • kyphosis
  • view laterally
  • the curvature is not however
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8
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

7

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9
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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10
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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11
Q

sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae

-attached to pelvis

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12
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone

-4 fused

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13
Q

spinal column vertebrae

A

24

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14
Q

knee

A

-synovial joint

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15
Q

arthroscopic examination of the knee

A
  • endoscopic view of joint interior

- test and procedure

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16
Q

chiropractic

A

healthcare discipline involving physical manipulation of musculoskeletal structures
-one who specializes in chiropractic

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17
Q

orthopedics, orthopaedics

A

-medical specialty focusing on diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system

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18
Q

orthotist

A

-one who makes and fits orthopedic appliances

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19
Q

osteopath

A

-physician who specialize in osteopathy

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20
Q

comminuted fracture

A

multiple pieces

-splintered or crushed

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21
Q

spiral fracture

A

twisting of the bone

-multiple pieces that stay in tact

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22
Q

transverse fracture

A
  • cut across the bone

- blunt force trauma

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23
Q

greenstick fracture

A
  • bent
  • didnt break into two
  • cracked
  • heal quickly
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24
Q

compound fracture

A
  • out of skin

- disruption to the skin

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25
Q

simple fracture

A
  • within the skin

- skin intact

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26
Q

compression fracture

A
  • vertebral fracture
  • collapses on itself
  • osteoporosis
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27
Q

bone head

A

-rounded end of bone

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28
Q

condyle

A

rouned knuckle like process

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29
Q

epicondyle

A

small rounded process above the condyle

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30
Q

trochanters

A

-large and small processes for tendon attachments

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31
Q

tuberosity (tubercle)

A

small round elevation where tendons and muscles attach

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32
Q

fissure

A
  • narrow groove or slit like opening

- ex. eye socket fissure

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33
Q

foramen

A
  • opening for blood vessels and nerves

- ex. foramen magnum of the skull

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34
Q

fossa

A
  • shallow cavity in or on a bone

- ex. olecranon (elbow) fossa on humerus

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35
Q

sinus

A
  • hollow cavity within bone

- sinuses of the skull

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36
Q

ethmoid bone

A

-support nasal cavity and eye sockets

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37
Q

frontal bone

A

-forehead; part of eye socket

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38
Q

occiptal bone

A

back and base of skull

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39
Q

parietal bones

A

top and sides of skull

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40
Q

sphenoid bone

A

-lower sides and back of skull

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41
Q

temporal bones

A

-lower sides and back of skull

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42
Q

lacrimal bones

A

-corners of each eye

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43
Q

mandible

A

-lower jawbone

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44
Q

maxillae

A

upper jawbones

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45
Q

nasal bones

A

bridge and septum of nose

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46
Q

vomer

A

nasal septum

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47
Q

zygomatic bones

A

cheek bone

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48
Q

acetabulum

A

hip socket

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49
Q

calcaneus

A

heel

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50
Q

carpals

A

wrist bones

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51
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone

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52
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone

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53
Q

cranium

A

skull

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54
Q

femur

A

thigh bone

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55
Q

fibula

A

smaller of the two lower leg bones

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56
Q

humerus

A

upper arm bone

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57
Q

ilium

A

upper part of pelvic bone

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58
Q

ischium

A

inferior or lower part of the pelvic bone

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59
Q

malleolus

A

ankle

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60
Q

mandible

A

lower jawbone

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61
Q

maxilla

A

upper jawbone

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62
Q

metacarpals

A

hand bones

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63
Q

metatarsals

A

midfoot bones

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64
Q

olecranon

A

elbow

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65
Q

patella

A

kneecap

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66
Q

phalanges

A

finger and toe bones

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67
Q

pubis

A

anterior part of the pelvic bone

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68
Q

radius

A

forearm bone- thumb side

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69
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

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70
Q

sternum

A

breastbone

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71
Q

tarsals

A

hindfoot and midfoot bones

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72
Q

tibia

A

shin bone- large of the two lower leg bones

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73
Q

ulna

A

-forearm bone- little finger side

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74
Q

vertebra

A

backbone/spine

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75
Q

acetabulum

A

-rounded depression, or socket, in pelvis that joins the femur (thigh bone), forming the hip joint

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76
Q

acromion

A

outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder
-overlies the shoulder joint and articulate with the clavicle

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77
Q

bone

A
  • dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

- ex. long bone, short bones, flat bones, and sesamoid bones

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78
Q

bone depression

A
  • opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves
  • ex. fissure, foramen, sinus
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79
Q

bone process

A
  • enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
  • ex. bone head, condyle, epicondyle, trochanter, tubercle, and tuberosity
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80
Q

calcium

A

one of the mineral constituents of bone

-calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in bones

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81
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone

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82
Q

cartilage

A
  • flexible, connective tissue

- found in the immature skeleton at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces

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83
Q

collagen

A

dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissue

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84
Q

compact bone

A

-hard, dense bone tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues

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85
Q

cranial bone

A

skull bone

-ex. ethmoid, frontal, occipital, partietal, sphenoid and temporal

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86
Q

diaphysis

A

-shaft, or mid portion of a long bone

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87
Q

disk (disc)

A
  • flat, round, plate-like structure

- an intervertebral disk is a fibrocartilaginous structure between two vertebrae

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88
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

-cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton

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89
Q

epiphysis

A
  • each end of a long bone

- area beyond the epiphyseal plate

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90
Q

facial bones

A
  • bones of the face

- lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, zygomatic

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91
Q

fontanelle

A

-soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant

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92
Q

foramen magnum

A

-opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

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93
Q

haversian canals

A
  • minute spaces filled with blood vessels

- found in compact bone

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94
Q

ligament

A
  • fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other bones

- ligaments are bands, or strands, located in and around joints

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95
Q

malleolus

A
  • round process on both sides of the ankle joint

- the lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and the medial malleolus is part of the tibia

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96
Q

manubrium

A
  • upper portion of the sternum

- join with the clavicle to form the sternoclavicular joint

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97
Q

mastoid process

A

rounded projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

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98
Q

medullary cavity

A

-central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone

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99
Q

metaphysis

A

-flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate

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100
Q

olecranon

A

-large process on the proximal end of the ulna at the elbow

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101
Q

orthopedist

A

-medical doctor who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions

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102
Q

osseous tissue

A

-bone tissue

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103
Q

ossification

A

process of bone formatio

104
Q

osteoblast

A

-bone cell that helps form bony tissue

105
Q

periosteum

A

membrane surrounding bones

-rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue

106
Q

phosphorus

A

mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium

107
Q

physiatrist

A

-medical doctor specialist in rehabilitation

108
Q

physi/o

A

function

109
Q

pubic symphysis

A

area of confluence of the two pubic bones in the pelvis

-joined by a fibrocartilaginous disk

110
Q

sym-

A

together

111
Q

-physis

A

to grow

112
Q

red bone marrow

A
  • found in cancellous bone

- site of hematopoiesis

113
Q

ribs

A
  • twelve pairs of curved bone that form the chest wall
  • true ribs are the first 7 pairs
  • false ribs are 8-10
  • floating ribs- 11 & 12
114
Q

sella turcica

A

depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

115
Q

sinus

A

-hollow air cavity within a bone

116
Q

styloid process

A

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

117
Q

suture

A

immovable joint between bones, such as the skull (cranium)

118
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

-connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw

119
Q

tendon

A

-fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles to bones

120
Q

trabeculae

A

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

121
Q

vertebra

A

-individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina, enclosing the neural canal and spinal cord

122
Q

xiphoid process

A

-lower, narrow portion of the sternum

123
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

-fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones

124
Q

calc/,calci/o

A

calcium

125
Q

kyph/o

A

humpback

126
Q

lamin/o

A

lamina

-part of the vertebral arch

127
Q

lord/o

A

curve, swayback

128
Q

lumb/o

A

loins

-lower back

129
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

130
Q

oste/o

A

bone

131
Q

scoli/o

A

crooked, bent (lateral curvature)

132
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebra

-used to make words about conditions of the structure

133
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebra

-used to describe the structure itself

134
Q

-blast

A

embryonic or immature cell

135
Q

-clast

A

to break

136
Q

-listhesis

A

slipping

137
Q

-malacia

A

-softening

138
Q

-physis

A

to grow

139
Q

-porosis

A

pore, passage

140
Q

-tome

A

instrument to cut

141
Q

acetabul/o

A

acetabulum (hip socket)

142
Q

calcane/o

A

calcaneus(heel)

143
Q

carp/o

A

carpals (wirst bone)

144
Q

clavicul/o

A

clavicle (collar bone)

145
Q

cost/o

A

ribs

146
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

147
Q

femor/o

A

femur

148
Q

fibul/o

A

finnula

149
Q

humer/o

A

humerus

150
Q

ili/o

A

ilium

151
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium

152
Q

malleol/o

A

malleolus (process on each side of the ankle)

153
Q

mandibul/o

A

mandible

154
Q

maxill/o

A

maxilla

155
Q

metacarp/o

A

metacarpals

156
Q

metatars/o

A

metatarsals

157
Q

olecran/o

A

olecranon (elbow)

158
Q

patell/o

A

patella

159
Q

pelv/o

A

pelvis

160
Q

perone/o

A

fibula

161
Q

phalang/o

A

phalanges

162
Q

pub/o

A

pubis

163
Q

radi/o

A

radius

164
Q

ewing sarcoma

A

-rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children

165
Q

exostosis

A
  • bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone
  • osteochondromas
  • bunion
166
Q

fracture

A

-traumatic breaking of a bone

167
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A
  • osteosarcoma

- common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolescents

168
Q

osteomalacia

A
  • softening of bone, with inadequate amount of mineral (calcium in the bone)
  • infants and children
  • rickets
169
Q

osteomyelitis

A
  • inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
  • bacteria enter the body through wound and spread to bone
  • abscess can form
170
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • decrease in bone density (mass)
  • thinning and weakening of bone
  • osteopenia
171
Q

talipes

A
  • congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus)
  • talipes eqinovarus- club foot
  • infancy
172
Q

colles fracture

A

-wrist fracture

173
Q

articular cartilage

A

-smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint

174
Q

articulation

A

any type of joint

175
Q

ligament

A
  • fibrous, connective bands binding bones to other bones

- supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint

176
Q

bursa

A
  • sac of fluid near a joint

- promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another

177
Q

meniscus

A

crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee

178
Q

suture joint

A

-immovable joint, such as between the bone of the skull

179
Q

synovial cavity

A

space between bones at a synovial joint

-contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

180
Q

synovial fluid

A
  • viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity

- fluid is similar in viscosity to egg white

181
Q

synovial joint

A

-freely movable joint

182
Q

synovial membrane

A
  • tissue lining the synovial cavity

- produces synovial fluid

183
Q

tendon

A

-fibrous, connective tissue muscles to bones

184
Q

ankyl/o

A

stiff

185
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

186
Q

articul/o

A

joint

187
Q

burs/o

A

bursa

188
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

189
Q

ligament/o

A

ligament

190
Q

rheumat/o

A

watery flow

191
Q

synov/o

A

synovial membrane

192
Q

ten/o

A

tendon

193
Q

tendin/o

A

tendon

194
Q

-desis

A

to bind, tie together

195
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing

196
Q

arthritis

A

-inflammation of any joint

197
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

-chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of spinal joints, primarily of the spine

198
Q

gouty arthritis (gout)

A

inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body
-hyperuricemia

199
Q

osteoarthritis

A
  • progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
  • degenerative joint disease
200
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain

- caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane

201
Q

bunion

A

-enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint)

202
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament, and bone and tendons of the wrist

203
Q

dislocation

A

-displacement of a bone from its joint

204
Q

ganglion cyst

A

-fluid filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons

205
Q

herniation of an intervertebral disk (disc)

A

abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal or spinal nerves
-slipped disk

206
Q

lymes disease

A
  • chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia and malaise
  • cause is bacterium carried by a tick
207
Q

sprain

A

-trauma to a joint with swelling and injury to ligaments

208
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A
  • chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system (CNS), heart, and lungs
  • affects connective tissue (collagen) in tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage all over body
  • butterfly rash
209
Q

flexion

A

decreasing the angle between two bones

-bending a limb

210
Q

extension

A
  • increasing the angle between two bones

- straightening out a limb

211
Q

abduction

A

-movement away from the midline of the body

212
Q

adduction

A

-movement towards the midline of the body

213
Q

rotation

A
  • circular movement around an axis (central point)

- internal rotation is toward the center of the body and external rotation is away from the center of the body

214
Q

dorsiflexion

A
  • decreasing theangle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward, toward the knee or ceiling
  • this is the opposite movement of stepping on the gas pedal when driving a car
215
Q

plantar flexion

A

-motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on the gas pedal

216
Q

plant/o

A

sole of foot

217
Q

supination

A

act of turning the palm up

-outward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion

218
Q

pronation

A

act of turning the palm down

-inward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion

219
Q

fascia

A

-fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles

-

220
Q

insertion of a muscle

A
  • connection of the muscle to a bone that moves

- usually distal on the skeleton

221
Q

origin of a muscle

A
  • connection of the muscle to a stationary bone

- usually proximal on the skeleton

222
Q

striated muscle

A
  • muscle connected to bones

- voluntary or skeletal muscle

223
Q

visceral muscle

A
  • muscle connected to internal organs

- involuntary or smooth muscle

224
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia

-forms sheaths enveloping muscles

225
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous connective tissue

226
Q

leiomy/o

A

smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs

227
Q

my/o

A

muscle

228
Q

myocardi/o

A

heart muscle

229
Q

myos/o

A

muscle

230
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones

231
Q

sarc/o

A

muscle and flesh

232
Q

-asthenia

A

lack of stength

233
Q

-trophy

A

development, nourishment

234
Q

ab-

A

away from

235
Q

ad-

A

toward

236
Q

dorsi-

A

back

237
Q

poly-

A

many, much

238
Q

muscular dystrophy

A
  • group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system
  • fat replaces functional muscle cells that have degenerated
239
Q

polymyositis

A
  • chronic inflammatory myopathy
  • symmetric muscle weakness and pain
  • rash around eyes and face, limbs
240
Q

antinuclear antibody test (ANA)

A

detects and antibody often present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune disease

241
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

-measure time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube

242
Q

rheumatoid factor test (RF)

A

serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis

243
Q

serum calcium (Ca)

A

measurement of calcium level in serum

  • hypercalcemia- disorder of parathyroid gland and malignancy that affects bone metabolism
  • hypocalcemia- pt with burns sepsis and acute renal failure
244
Q

serum creatine kinase (CK)

A

measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum

-increases with muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, and traumatic injury

245
Q

uric acid test

A
  • measurement of uric acid in serum

- associated with gouty arthritis

246
Q

arthrocentesis

A
  • surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space

- synovial fluid is removed for analysis

247
Q

arthrography

A

-taking x-ray images after infection of contrast material into a joint

248
Q

arthroplasty

A

-surgical repair or replacement of a joint

249
Q

arthroscopy

A

-visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor

250
Q

bone density test (bone densitometry)

A

-low energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass

251
Q

bone scan

A

-uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone

252
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

x-ray beam and computer provide cross-sectional and other images

253
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

-recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation

254
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

-a strong magnetic field and advanced computing technology are used to create high resolution images of soft tissue

255
Q

muscle biopsy

A

-removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination

HAN 312 (19 decks)

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