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HAN 312 > 5. Digestive > Flashcards

5. Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

an/o

A

anus

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2
Q

append/o

A

appendix

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3
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

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4
Q

cec/o

A

cecum

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5
Q

celi/o

A

belly, abdomen

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6
Q

cheil/o

A

lip

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7
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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8
Q

choledoch/o

A

common bile duct

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9
Q

col/o, colon/o

A

colon

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10
Q

dent/i

A

tooth

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11
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum

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12
Q

enter/o

A

intestines

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13
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

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14
Q

faci/o

A

face

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15
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

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16
Q

gingiv/o

A

gums

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17
Q

gloss/o

A

tongue

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18
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

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19
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

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20
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum

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21
Q

labi/o

A

lip

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22
Q

lapar/o

A

abdomen

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23
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

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24
Q

mandibul/o

A

lower jaw, mandible

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25
Q

odont/o

A

tooth

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26
Q

or/o

A

mouth

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27
Q

palat/o

A

palate

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28
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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29
Q

peritone/o

A

peritoneum

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30
Q

pharyng/o

A

throat

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31
Q

proct/o

A

anus and rectum

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32
Q

pylor/o

A

pyloric sphincter

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33
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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34
Q

sialanden/o

A

salivary gland

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35
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

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36
Q

stomat/o

A

mouth

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37
Q

uvul/o

A

uvula

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38
Q

amyl/o

A

starch

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39
Q

bil/i

A

gall, bile

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40
Q

bilirubin/o

A

bilirubin (bile pigment)

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41
Q

chol/e

A

gall, bile

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42
Q

chlorhydr/o

A

hydrochloric

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43
Q

gluc/o, glyc/o

A

sugar

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44
Q

glycogen/o

A

glycogen, animal starch

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45
Q

lip/o

A

fat, lipid

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46
Q

lith/o

A

stone

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47
Q

prote/o

A

protein

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48
Q

py/o

A

pus

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49
Q

sial/o

A

saliva, salivary

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50
Q

steat/o

A

fat

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51
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

52
Q

-chezia

A

defecation, elimination of wastes

53
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition

54
Q

-prandial

A

meal

55
Q

anorexia

A
  • lack of appetite
  • sign of malignancy or liver disease
  • emontial problems
56
Q

ascites

A
  • abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
  • a sign of neoplasm or inflammatory disorders in the abdomen, venous hypertension (high BP) caused by liver disease, or heart failure
57
Q

borborygmi

A
  • rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract
  • signs of hyperactive intestinal peristalsis, borborygmi (bowel sounds) often are present in cases of gastroenteritis and diarrhea
58
Q

dysphagia

A
  • difficulty in swallowing

- can be due to physical obstruction or motor disorder, where esophageal peristalsis is not coordinated

59
Q

eructation

A
  • gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

- burp

60
Q

flatus

A
  • gas expelled through the anus

- fart

61
Q

hematochezia

A
  • passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

- usually caused by hemorrhoids, but can also be colitis, ulcers, polyps, or cancer

62
Q

jaundice (icterus)

A
  • caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)
  • excessive destruction of erythrocytes, as in hemolysis, causes excess bilirubin in the blood
  • malfunction of liver cells due to liver disease preventing the liver from excreting bilirubin with bile
  • obstruction of bile flow
63
Q

melena

A
  • black, tarry stools, feces containing digested blood
  • blood has time to be digested
  • results from bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract
64
Q

nausea

A
  • causes are motion sickness, early pregnancy, viral gastroenteritis
  • may be a symptom of perforation (hole in the wall) of an abdominal organ, obstruction of bile duct, stomach, or intestine, or exposure to poisons
65
Q

steatorrhea

A
  • fat in feces
  • frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter that floats
  • caused by improper digestion or absorption of fat that causes it to remain in the intestine
  • may occur with pancreatitis when it doesnt excrete enzymes
  • sign of intestinal disease that involves malabsorption of fat
66
Q

aphthous stomatitis

A
  • inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

- canker sores

67
Q

dental caries

A
  • tooth decay
  • bacteria growth in plaque causes production of acid that dissolves the tooth enamel -> cavity (area of decay)
  • if decay reaches pulp of tooth, root canal therapy may be necessary
68
Q

herpetic stomatitis

A
  • inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus
  • painful fluid filled blisters on the lips, palate, gums, and tongue
69
Q

oral leukoplakia

A
  • white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
  • precancerous lesion
  • results from chronic tobacco use
70
Q

periodontal disease

A
  • inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
  • gingivitis
  • caused by accumulation of dental plaque and dental calculus or tartar
71
Q

anal fistula

A
  • abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

- results from a break of fissure in the wall of the anus or rectum, or from an abscess (infected area)

72
Q

colonic polyps

A
  • polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
  • pedunculated- attached to the membrane by a stalk
  • sessile- sitting directly on the mucous membrane
73
Q

colorectal cancer

A

-adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
-can arise from polyps in the colon or rectal region
-diagnosis determined by detecting blood in stool and by colonoscopy
-

74
Q

crohn disease

A
  • chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
  • can occur anywhere from mouth to anus (most common in ileum and colon)
  • sign and symptoms: diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, anaroxia, weakness, weight loss
  • form of IBD
75
Q

diverticulosis

A

-abnormal out pouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon
-when fecal matter becomes trapped in diverticula
-pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms
-

76
Q

dysentery

A
  • painful inflammation of he intestines commonly caused b y bacterial infection
  • results from ingestion of food or water containing bacteria, amebae, or virsuses
  • symptoms: bloody stools, abdominal pain, and sometimes fever
77
Q

hemorrhoids

A
  • swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
  • can be internal or external
  • pregnancy and chronic constipation, which put pressure on anal veins, often cause
78
Q

ileus

A
  • loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
  • can be caused by surgery, trauma, or bacterial injury to the peritoneum
79
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

inflammation of the colon and small intestine

80
Q

intussusception

A
  • telescoping of the intestines
  • one segment of the bowel collapses into the opening of another segment
  • pain and vomit
  • common in children
81
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

group of GI symptoms, but without defined abnormalities in the intestines

  • associated with stress or occur after infection
  • affects large intestine
82
Q

ulcerative colitis

A
  • chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
  • higher risk of colon cancer
  • rectal bleeding and pain
83
Q

volvulus

A
  • twisting of the intestine on itself

- absence of bowel sounds

84
Q

cholelithiasis

A
  • gallstones in the gallbladder
  • calculi- stones
  • stones prevents bile from leaving the gallbladder and bile ducts
85
Q

cirrhosis

A
  • chronic degenerative disease of the liver
  • result of chronic alcoholism, viral hepatitis, iron overload,..
  • lobes of liver become scarred with fibrous tissue, hepatic cells degenerate, and the liver is infiltrated with fat
86
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

A
  • liver cancer

- common associated with hepatitis B and C and cirrhosis

87
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

-malignant tumor of the pancreas

88
Q

pancreatitis

A
  • inflammation of the pancreas

- digestive enzymes attack pancreatic tissue and damage the gland

89
Q

viral hepatitis

A
  • inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
  • hepatitis A- spread by contaminated food or water and characterized by slow onset of symptoms
  • hepatitis B- transmitted by sex, blood
  • hepatitis C- blood
  • liver enzymes elevated
  • signs- malaise, anorexia, hepatomegaly, jaundice, abdominal pain
90
Q

-ectasis, -ectasia

A

dilation, widening

91
Q

-emesis

A

vomitting

92
Q

-pepsia

A

-disgestion

93
Q

-phagia

A

eating, swallowing

94
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

95
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting

96
Q

-rrhage, -rrhagia

A

bursting forth (of blood)

97
Q

-rrhaphy

A

suture

98
Q

-rrhea

A

flow, discharge

99
Q

-spasm

A

involuntary contraction of muscles

100
Q

-stasis

A

stopping, controlling

101
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing, tightening

102
Q

-tresia

A

opening

103
Q

amylase and lipase tests

A
  • tests for the levels of amylase and lipase enzymes in the blood
  • increased levels are associated with pancreatitis
104
Q

liver function tests (LFTs)

A
  • tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood
  • performed on blood serum
  • ALT and AST test
  • elevated levels in patients with liver disease
105
Q

stool culture

A

-tests for microorganisms present in feces

106
Q

stool guaiac tests or hemoccult test

A
  • test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces

- test for colon cancer

107
Q

lower gastrointestinal series

A
  • barium enema

- x-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injections of barium into the rectum

108
Q

upper gastrointestinal series

A
  • barium enema

- x-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine obtained after administering barium by mouth

109
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A
  • a series of x-ray images are taken in multiple views (especially cross section)
  • circular array of x-ray beams
  • based on differences in tissue density
110
Q

abdominal ultrasonography

A
  • sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce an image of abdominal viscera
  • useful for fluid filled structures
111
Q

endoscopic ultrasonography

A
  • use of an endoscope combined with ultrasound to examine the organs of the gastrointestinal tract
  • inserted through mouth or rectum
112
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A
  • magnetic waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body
  • does not use x-ray
  • detects differences in tissue composition, water content and blood vessel density
  • can show trauma, infection or cancer
113
Q

HIDA scan

A
  • radioactive imaging procedure that tracks the production and flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine
  • determines if the gallbladder is functioning properly
114
Q

gastric bypass or bariatric surgery

A

-reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum (gastrojejunostomy)

115
Q

gastrointestianl endoscopy

A

-visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope

116
Q

laparoscopy

A

-visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen with a laparoscope inserted through small incision in the abdomen

117
Q

liver biopsy

A

-removal of liver tissue for microscopic examination

118
Q

nasogastric intubation

A
  • insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach

- remove fluid postoperatively and to obtain gastric or intestinal contents for analysis

119
Q

paracentesis (abdominocentesis)

A
  • surgical puncture to remove fluid from abdomen

- drain

120
Q

esophageal varices

A

-swollen varicose veins at lower end of esophagus

121
Q

polycythemia

A

increase of RBC

122
Q

pancytopenia

A

deficiency in all types of blood cells

123
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A
  • solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
  • heartburn caused by regurgitation of hydrochloric acid from the stomach to the esophagus
  • can lead to esophagitis
124
Q

hernia

A
  • organ (or part of organ) protrudes through the muscle that normally contains it
  • hitatal hernia- upper part of stomach protrudes through diaphragm
  • inguinal hernia- part of bowel protrudes through a weakened muscle in the lower abdomen
125
Q

colonic polyposis

A

-polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membranes of the colon

126
Q

polypectomy

A

removal of polyps

HAN 312 (19 decks)

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