5. Digestive Flashcards
1
Q
an/o
A
anus
2
Q
append/o
A
appendix
3
Q
bucc/o
A
cheek
4
Q
cec/o
A
cecum
5
Q
celi/o
A
belly, abdomen
6
Q
cheil/o
A
lip
7
Q
cholecyst/o
A
gallbladder
8
Q
choledoch/o
A
common bile duct
9
Q
col/o, colon/o
A
colon
10
Q
dent/i
A
tooth
11
Q
duoden/o
A
duodenum
12
Q
enter/o
A
intestines
13
Q
esophag/o
A
esophagus
14
Q
faci/o
A
face
15
Q
gastr/o
A
stomach
16
Q
gingiv/o
A
gums
17
Q
gloss/o
A
tongue
18
Q
hepat/o
A
liver
19
Q
ile/o
A
ileum
20
Q
jejun/o
A
jejunum
21
Q
labi/o
A
lip
22
Q
lapar/o
A
abdomen
23
Q
lingu/o
A
tongue
24
Q
mandibul/o
A
lower jaw, mandible
25
odont/o
tooth
26
or/o
mouth
27
palat/o
palate
28
pancreat/o
pancreas
29
peritone/o
peritoneum
30
pharyng/o
throat
31
proct/o
anus and rectum
32
pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
33
rect/o
rectum
34
sialanden/o
salivary gland
35
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
36
stomat/o
mouth
37
uvul/o
uvula
38
amyl/o
starch
39
bil/i
gall, bile
40
bilirubin/o
bilirubin (bile pigment)
41
chol/e
gall, bile
42
chlorhydr/o
hydrochloric
43
gluc/o, glyc/o
sugar
44
glycogen/o
glycogen, animal starch
45
lip/o
fat, lipid
46
lith/o
stone
47
prote/o
protein
48
py/o
pus
49
sial/o
saliva, salivary
50
steat/o
fat
51
-ase
enzyme
52
-chezia
defecation, elimination of wastes
53
-iasis
abnormal condition
54
-prandial
meal
55
anorexia
- lack of appetite
- sign of malignancy or liver disease
- emontial problems
56
ascites
- abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
- a sign of neoplasm or inflammatory disorders in the abdomen, venous hypertension (high BP) caused by liver disease, or heart failure
57
borborygmi
- rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract
- signs of hyperactive intestinal peristalsis, borborygmi (bowel sounds) often are present in cases of gastroenteritis and diarrhea
58
dysphagia
- difficulty in swallowing
| - can be due to physical obstruction or motor disorder, where esophageal peristalsis is not coordinated
59
eructation
- gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
| - burp
60
flatus
- gas expelled through the anus
| - fart
61
hematochezia
- passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
| - usually caused by hemorrhoids, but can also be colitis, ulcers, polyps, or cancer
62
jaundice (icterus)
- caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)
- excessive destruction of erythrocytes, as in hemolysis, causes excess bilirubin in the blood
- malfunction of liver cells due to liver disease preventing the liver from excreting bilirubin with bile
- obstruction of bile flow
63
melena
- black, tarry stools, feces containing digested blood
- blood has time to be digested
- results from bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract
64
nausea
- causes are motion sickness, early pregnancy, viral gastroenteritis
- may be a symptom of perforation (hole in the wall) of an abdominal organ, obstruction of bile duct, stomach, or intestine, or exposure to poisons
65
steatorrhea
- fat in feces
- frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter that floats
- caused by improper digestion or absorption of fat that causes it to remain in the intestine
- may occur with pancreatitis when it doesnt excrete enzymes
- sign of intestinal disease that involves malabsorption of fat
66
aphthous stomatitis
- inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
| - canker sores
67
dental caries
- tooth decay
- bacteria growth in plaque causes production of acid that dissolves the tooth enamel -> cavity (area of decay)
- if decay reaches pulp of tooth, root canal therapy may be necessary
68
herpetic stomatitis
- inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus
- painful fluid filled blisters on the lips, palate, gums, and tongue
69
oral leukoplakia
- white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
- precancerous lesion
- results from chronic tobacco use
70
periodontal disease
- inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
- gingivitis
- caused by accumulation of dental plaque and dental calculus or tartar
71
anal fistula
- abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
| - results from a break of fissure in the wall of the anus or rectum, or from an abscess (infected area)
72
colonic polyps
- polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
- pedunculated- attached to the membrane by a stalk
- sessile- sitting directly on the mucous membrane
73
colorectal cancer
-adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
-can arise from polyps in the colon or rectal region
-diagnosis determined by detecting blood in stool and by colonoscopy
-
74
crohn disease
- chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
- can occur anywhere from mouth to anus (most common in ileum and colon)
- sign and symptoms: diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, anaroxia, weakness, weight loss
- form of IBD
75
diverticulosis
-abnormal out pouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon
-when fecal matter becomes trapped in diverticula
-pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms
-
76
dysentery
- painful inflammation of he intestines commonly caused b y bacterial infection
- results from ingestion of food or water containing bacteria, amebae, or virsuses
- symptoms: bloody stools, abdominal pain, and sometimes fever
77
hemorrhoids
- swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
- can be internal or external
- pregnancy and chronic constipation, which put pressure on anal veins, often cause
78
ileus
- loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
- can be caused by surgery, trauma, or bacterial injury to the peritoneum
79
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
inflammation of the colon and small intestine
80
intussusception
- telescoping of the intestines
- one segment of the bowel collapses into the opening of another segment
- pain and vomit
- common in children
81
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
group of GI symptoms, but without defined abnormalities in the intestines
- associated with stress or occur after infection
- affects large intestine
82
ulcerative colitis
- chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
- higher risk of colon cancer
- rectal bleeding and pain
83
volvulus
- twisting of the intestine on itself
| - absence of bowel sounds
84
cholelithiasis
- gallstones in the gallbladder
- calculi- stones
- stones prevents bile from leaving the gallbladder and bile ducts
85
cirrhosis
- chronic degenerative disease of the liver
- result of chronic alcoholism, viral hepatitis, iron overload,..
- lobes of liver become scarred with fibrous tissue, hepatic cells degenerate, and the liver is infiltrated with fat
86
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
- liver cancer
| - common associated with hepatitis B and C and cirrhosis
87
pancreatic cancer
-malignant tumor of the pancreas
88
pancreatitis
- inflammation of the pancreas
| - digestive enzymes attack pancreatic tissue and damage the gland
89
viral hepatitis
- inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
- hepatitis A- spread by contaminated food or water and characterized by slow onset of symptoms
- hepatitis B- transmitted by sex, blood
- hepatitis C- blood
- liver enzymes elevated
- signs- malaise, anorexia, hepatomegaly, jaundice, abdominal pain
90
-ectasis, -ectasia
dilation, widening
91
-emesis
vomitting
92
-pepsia
-disgestion
93
-phagia
eating, swallowing
94
-plasty
surgical repair
95
-ptysis
spitting
96
-rrhage, -rrhagia
bursting forth (of blood)
97
-rrhaphy
suture
98
-rrhea
flow, discharge
99
-spasm
involuntary contraction of muscles
100
-stasis
stopping, controlling
101
-stenosis
narrowing, tightening
102
-tresia
opening
103
amylase and lipase tests
- tests for the levels of amylase and lipase enzymes in the blood
- increased levels are associated with pancreatitis
104
liver function tests (LFTs)
- tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood
- performed on blood serum
- ALT and AST test
- elevated levels in patients with liver disease
105
stool culture
-tests for microorganisms present in feces
106
stool guaiac tests or hemoccult test
- test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces
| - test for colon cancer
107
lower gastrointestinal series
- barium enema
| - x-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injections of barium into the rectum
108
upper gastrointestinal series
- barium enema
| - x-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine obtained after administering barium by mouth
109
computed tomography (CT)
- a series of x-ray images are taken in multiple views (especially cross section)
- circular array of x-ray beams
- based on differences in tissue density
110
abdominal ultrasonography
- sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce an image of abdominal viscera
- useful for fluid filled structures
111
endoscopic ultrasonography
- use of an endoscope combined with ultrasound to examine the organs of the gastrointestinal tract
- inserted through mouth or rectum
112
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- magnetic waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body
- does not use x-ray
- detects differences in tissue composition, water content and blood vessel density
- can show trauma, infection or cancer
113
HIDA scan
- radioactive imaging procedure that tracks the production and flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine
- determines if the gallbladder is functioning properly
114
gastric bypass or bariatric surgery
-reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum (gastrojejunostomy)
115
gastrointestianl endoscopy
-visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope
116
laparoscopy
-visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen with a laparoscope inserted through small incision in the abdomen
117
liver biopsy
-removal of liver tissue for microscopic examination
118
nasogastric intubation
- insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach
| - remove fluid postoperatively and to obtain gastric or intestinal contents for analysis
119
paracentesis (abdominocentesis)
- surgical puncture to remove fluid from abdomen
| - drain
120
esophageal varices
-swollen varicose veins at lower end of esophagus
121
polycythemia
increase of RBC
122
pancytopenia
deficiency in all types of blood cells
123
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
- heartburn caused by regurgitation of hydrochloric acid from the stomach to the esophagus
- can lead to esophagitis
124
hernia
- organ (or part of organ) protrudes through the muscle that normally contains it
- hitatal hernia- upper part of stomach protrudes through diaphragm
- inguinal hernia- part of bowel protrudes through a weakened muscle in the lower abdomen
125
colonic polyposis
-polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membranes of the colon
126
polypectomy
removal of polyps
