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HAN 312 > 8. Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

8. Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

FSH

A
  • produced at pituitary gland
  • targets ovary
  • stimulates maturation of the ovum
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2
Q

LH

A
  • produced in pituitary gland
  • targets ovary
  • stimulates ovulation
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3
Q

estrogen

A
  • produced in ovary & placenta (during pregnancy)
  • targets uterus
  • builds up the endometrial lining
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4
Q

progesterone

A
  • produced in ovary (corpus luteum) & placenta during pregnancy
  • targets uterus
  • sustains uterine lining and placenta during pregnancy
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5
Q

hCG

A
  • produced in placenta
  • targets ovary (corpus luteum)
  • sustains pregnancy
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6
Q

adnexa uteri

A

-fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments

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7
Q

amnion

A

innermost membraneous sac surrounding the developing fetus

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8
Q

areola

A

-dark pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple

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9
Q

bartholin glands

A

-small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice (opening to outside of the body)

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10
Q

cervix

A

-lower, neck-like portion of the uterus

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11
Q

chorion

A

outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo

-it forms the fetal part of the placenta

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12
Q

clitoris

A

-organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra

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13
Q

coitus

A
  • sexual intercourse

- copulation

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14
Q

corpus luteum

A
  • empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell
  • literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus)
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15
Q

cul-de-sac

A
  • region in the lower abdomen, midway, between the rectum and the uterus
  • indicates activity in the pelvic cavity
  • this is where things are observed (tests)
  • culdocentesis- make sure if there is an ovarian cyst rupture -> examine fluid
  • between anus and uterus
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16
Q

embryo

A

stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks

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17
Q

endometrium

A

-inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus

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18
Q

estrogen

A
  • hormone produced by the ovaries

- promotes female secondary sex characteristics

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19
Q

fallopian tube

A
  • one of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus
  • also called an oviduct
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20
Q

fertilization

A

-union of the sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops

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21
Q

fetus

A

-stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39 or 40 weeks

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22
Q

fimbriae

A

finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes

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23
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

-secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)

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24
Q

gamete

A
  • male or female sexual reproductive cell

- sperm cell or ovum

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25
Q

genitalia

A

reproductive organs

-aka genitals

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26
Q

gestation

A
  • period from fertilization of the ovum to birth

- gestational- pertaining to pregnancy

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27
Q

gonad

A
  • female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cell hormones
  • ovary or testis
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28
Q

gynecology

A

-study of the female reproductive organs including the breasts

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29
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

-hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating (-tropin) that ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone

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30
Q

hymen

A

-mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina

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31
Q

labia

A
  • lips of the vagina
  • labia majora are the larger, outmost lips
  • and labia minora are the smaller innermost lips
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32
Q

lactiferous ducts

A

-tubes that carry milk within the breast

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33
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation

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34
Q

mammary papilla

A
  • nipple of the breast

- papilla is any small nipple shaped projection

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35
Q

menarche

A

-beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce

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36
Q

menstruation

A
  • monthly shedding of the uterine lining

- the flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is celled the menses

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37
Q

myometrium

A

-muscle layer of the uterus

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38
Q

neonatology

A

-branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn (neonate)

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39
Q

obstetrics

A

-branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth

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40
Q

orifice

A

-an opening

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41
Q

ovarian follicle

A
  • developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary

- only about 400 of these sacs mature in a womans lifetime

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42
Q

ovary

A
  • one of a pair of female organs (gonads) on each side of the pelvis. -Ovaries are almond shaped
  • about size of large walnuts
  • produce egg cells (ova) and hormones.
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43
Q

ovulation

A

-release of the ovum from the ovary

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44
Q

ovum (ova)

A
  • mature egg cell (female gamete)

- ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes

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45
Q

parturition

A

-act of giving birth

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46
Q

perineum

A

-in females the area between the anus and vagina

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47
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • endocrine gland at the base of the brain
  • produces hormones that stimulate the ovaries
  • pituitary gland also regulates other endocrine organs
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48
Q

placenta

A
  • vascular organ attaches to the uterine wall during pregnancy
  • permits the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and fetus
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49
Q

pregnancy

A

-condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks

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50
Q

progesterone

A

-hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women

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51
Q

puberty

A

point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced

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52
Q

uterine serosa

A

outermost layer surrounding the uterus

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53
Q

uterus

A
  • hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop
  • where menstruation occurs
  • upper portion is the fundus
  • middle portion is the corpus
  • lowermost, neck-like portion is the cervix
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54
Q

vagina

A

-muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body

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55
Q

vulva

A
  • external female genitalia

- includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice

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56
Q

zygote

A

-stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation up to 2 weeks

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57
Q

amni/o

A

amnion

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58
Q

bartholin/o

A

bartholin gland

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59
Q

cervic/o

A

cervix, neck

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60
Q

chori/o, chorion/o

A

chorion

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61
Q

colp/o

A

vagina

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62
Q

culd/o

A

cul-de-sac

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63
Q

episi/o

A

vulva

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64
Q

galact/o

A

milk

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65
Q

gynec/o

A

woman, female

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66
Q

hyster/o

A

uterus, womb

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67
Q

lact/o

A

milk

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68
Q

mamm/o

A

breast

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69
Q

mast/o

A

breast

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70
Q

men/o

A

menses, menstruation

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71
Q

metr/o, metri/o

A

uterus

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72
Q

my/o, myom/o

A

muscle, muscle tumor

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73
Q

nat/i

A

birth

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74
Q

obstetr/o

A

pregnancy and childbrith

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75
Q

o/o

A

egg

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76
Q

oophor/o

A

ovary

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77
Q

ov/o

78
Q

ovari/o

79
Q

ovul/o

80
Q

perine/o

81
Q

phor/o

82
Q

salping/o

A

fallopian tubes

83
Q

uter/o

84
Q

vagin/o

85
Q

vulv/o

86
Q

-arche

A

-beginning

87
Q

-cyesis

A

-pregnancy

88
Q

-gravida

89
Q

-parous

A

bearing, bringing forth

90
Q

-rrhea

91
Q

-salpinx

A

-fallopian (uterine) tube

92
Q

-tocia

A

labor, birth

93
Q

-version

A

act of turning

94
Q

dys-

95
Q

endo-

96
Q

in-

97
Q

intra-

98
Q

multi-

99
Q

nulli-

A

no, not, none

100
Q

pre-

101
Q

primi-

102
Q

retro-

103
Q

carcinoma of the cervix

A
  • malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer)

- infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common cause

104
Q

cervicitis

A
  • inflammation of the cervix
  • chronic
  • lining of the cervix is not renewed monthly
  • caused by bacteria
105
Q

carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer)

A
  • malignant tumor of the uterine lining (adenocarcinoma)
  • sign- postmenopausal bleeding
  • usually in women with high levels of estrogen
106
Q

endometriosis

A
  • endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
  • inflammation and scar tissue
  • may cause infertility and dyspareunia
  • result of growth of bits of menstrual endometrium that have passed backward through the lumen (opening) of the fallopian tube and into the peritoneal cavity
107
Q

fibroids

A
  • benign tumors in the uterus
  • aka leiomyomata or leiomyomas
  • composed of fibrous tissue and muscle
108
Q

lei/o

109
Q

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

A
  • preinvasive neoplastic lesions
  • diagnose through pap test
  • lead to cancer
110
Q

ovarian carcinoma (cancer)

A
  • malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma)
  • two types: serous (clear fluid) and mucinous (thick, pasty fluid) cystic adenocarcinomas
  • causes ascites
  • mutations include: BRCA1 and BRCA2
111
Q

ovarian cysts

A
  • collections of fluid within sacs (cysts) in the ovary
  • some are benign and lined with typical cells of the ovary
  • originate in unruptured follicular cysts or in follicles that have ruptured and immediately been sealed (luteal cyst)
  • some cysts are cancerous (cystadenocarcinomas)
112
Q

dermoid cyst

A
  • contain a variety of cell types and arise from immature egg cells
  • benign cystic teratoma
  • can have hair, teeth
113
Q

terat/o

114
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region

  • salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis
  • leading cause is STIs
  • repetitive STIs leads to infections and scarring in fallopian tubes
  • increases risk of ectopic pregnancy and infertility
  • fever, discharge, ab pain
115
Q

STIs

A
  • gonorrhea
  • chlamydial infection
  • syphilis
  • genital herpes
  • HPV infection and genital warts
116
Q

carcinoma of the breast (breast cancer)

A
  • malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts)
  • most common- invasive ductal carcinoma
  • lobular, medullary carcinomas
  • breast cancer first spread to lymph nodes in armpit, then skin and chest -> can appear in other parts of body bc of lymph nodes
117
Q

mastectomy

A

-removal of the entire breast

118
Q

stereotactic core needle biopsy

A

-performed with help of mammography for guidance

119
Q

lumpectomy

A
  • for small primary tumors
  • lump with immediately surrounding tissue is removed
  • usually radiation therapy after
120
Q

sentinel node biopsy (SNB)

A
  • determines whether the tumor has spread to lymph nodes

- blue dye or radioisotope is injected into the tumor site and tracks to the axillary lymph nodes

121
Q

estrogen receptors (ERs)

A
  • test breast cancer tumors for the presence of estrogen receptors
  • determines which treatment is best
  • 2/3 of breast cancer of ER positive
  • positive indicates that tumor will respond to hormonal therapy
122
Q

tamoxifen

A
  • blocks ER reception
  • first type
  • block effects of estrogen and kill ER positive breast cancer cells
123
Q

aromatase inhibitors

A
  • particularly useful in treating postmenopausal women
  • second type
  • block production of estrogen by inhibiting the enzyme, aromatase
124
Q

HER2

A
  • receptor protein
  • found in some breast cancers
  • signals high risk of tumor recurrence
125
Q

herceptin

A

-antibody that binds to and blocks HER2
-effective in stopping growth when used with chemotherapy
-

126
Q

triple-negative tumors

A

-lack estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 and are rapidly growing but respond well to chemotherapy

127
Q

fibrocystic breast disease

A
  • numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the breast
  • benign
  • modular (lumpy) consistency of the breast
  • associated with premenstrual tenderness and fullness
  • Mammography and surgical biopsy are indicated to differentiate fibrocystic changes from carcinoma of the breast
128
Q

abruptio placentae

A
  • premature separate of the normally implanted placenta
  • occurs from trauma, such as a fall
  • could be secondary to vascular insufficiency resulting from hypertension or preeclampsia
  • sign and symptoms are acute abruption, burning, bleeding
129
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A
  • implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location
  • most occur in the fallopian tubes (from previous scarring)
  • rupture of ectopic implant can lead to a lot of bleeding or death
  • likely with STIs and pelvic inflammatory disorder
  • can float outside into the abdominal cavity (rare)
130
Q

multiple gestations

A
  • more than one fetus inside the uterus

- multiple births are increasing

131
Q

placenta previa

A
  • implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus (instead of upper)
  • signs- painless bleeding, hemorrhage, premature labor
  • cesarean delivery recommended
132
Q

preeclampsia

A
  • abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache
  • managed by bed rest and close monitoring of BP
  • can cause seizures, flashing lights
  • final untreated stage is called eclampsia- can cause death
  • medication- magnesium sulfate
  • baby should be delivered ASAP
133
Q

down syndrome

A

-chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low set ears, and slanted eyes

134
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

-Hemolytic disease in the newborn (HDN) caused by a blood group (Rh factor)
incompatibility between the mother and the fetus

135
Q

hyaline membrane disease

A
  • acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn
  • aka respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS)
  • caused by surfactant deficiency
  • surfactant is administered
  • hyaline- shiny membrane that forms in the lung sacs
136
Q

hydrocephalus

A
  • accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain
  • entire head can enlarge because the bones of the skull do not completely fuse together
  • soft spot or fontanelle between cranial bones -> allow for swelling
  • occurs because of problem in circulation of fluid within the brain and spinal cord
137
Q

meconium aspiration syndrome

A
  • abnormal inhalation of meconium produced by a fetus or newborn
  • meconium- thick, sticky, greenish-black substance
  • first intestinal discharge (stool) from newborns
  • intrauterine distress can cause passage into amniotic fluid
  • once meconium goes into amniotic fluid the fetus may breathe it -> breathing problems, inflammation
138
Q

pyloric stenosis

A
  • narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
  • may be present at birth
  • frequently associated with down syndrome
  • surgical repair may be necessary
139
Q

pap test (smear)

A
  • papanicolaou
  • microscopic exam of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix to detect abnormal changes
  • after inserting speculum, small spatula removes exfoliated cells from the cervix and vagina
  • microscopic analysis of the cell smear detects cervical or vaginal cellular abnormalities
140
Q

pregnancy test

A
  • blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG

- hCG is secreted by fertilized ovum

141
Q

hysterosalpingography (HSG)

A
  • x-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material
  • evaluates tubal patency (adequate opening) and uterine cavity abnormalities
142
Q

mammography

A
  • x-ray imaging of the breast
  • screen for breast cancer
  • digital tomosynthesis- tube moves in an arc sac around the breast as several images are taken -> less painful, easier to find dense breast tissue
143
Q

breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI

A
  • technologies using sound waves and a magnetic field to create images of breast tissue
  • confirm the presence of a mass
  • can distinguish a cystic from a solid mass
  • good for people with history breast cancer or dense breasts
144
Q

pelvic ultrasonography

A
  • recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region
  • evaluate fetal size, anatomy, fetal and placental position
  • can diagnose uterine and pelvic masses including abcesses
145
Q

transvaginal ultrasound

A

allows the radiologist a closer, sharper look at organs within the pelvis

  • sound probe in the vagina instead of over the pelvis or abdomen
  • method is best used to evaluate fluid filled cyst
  • using a transducer inserted into the vagina to view internal female reproductive organs
146
Q

aspiration

A
  • withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction
  • aspiration needle biopsy is a valuable evaluation technique for patients with breast disease
147
Q

cauterization

A
  • destruction of abnormal tissue by burning
  • uses chemicals (silver nitrate) or an electrically heated instrument
  • treats cervical dysplasia or cervical erosion
  • loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP) used to furhter assess and often treat abnormal cervical
148
Q

colposcopy

A
  • visual exam of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope (thin lighted endoscope inserted into the vagina to allow for direct visualization of vagina and cervix)
  • lighted magnifying instrument resembling a small, mounted pair of binoculars
  • preferred for cervical dysplasia because it identifies specific areas of abnormal cells
149
Q

conization

A
  • removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix
  • resects the tissue using LEEP (loop electrocautery excision procedure) or with a carbon dioxide laser or surgical knife
150
Q

cryosurgery

A
  • use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue
  • liquid nitrogen probe produces the freezing temperature
  • aka cryocauterization
151
Q

cry/o

152
Q

culdocentesis

A
  • needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac
  • inserts a needle through the vagina into the cul-de-sac
  • presence of blood may indicate a ruptured ectopic pregnancy or ruptured ovarian cyst
153
Q

dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D&C)

A
  • widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus
  • dilation is done by inserting a series of dilators of increasing diameter
  • curet (metal loop at the end of a long, thing handle) is used to sample uterine lining
  • diagnoses uterine disease and can temporarily halt prolonged or heavy uterine bleeding
  • also used to remove tissue during spontaneous abortion
154
Q

exenteration

A
  • removal of internal organs within a cavity

- pelvic exenteration is removal of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis

155
Q

laparoscopy

A
  • visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope)
  • minimally invasive surgery (MIS)
  • small incisions are made near the navel for introduction of laparoscope
  • inspection and removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes
  • diagnoses endometriosis, removal of fibroids
  • performs subtotal and total hysterectomies
156
Q

tubal ligation

A
  • blocking the fallopian tubes (salpinges) to prevent fertilization from occurring
  • sterilization
  • uses laparoscopy or hysteroscope
  • tubes between the ligations are removed
  • inserted through cervical os (opening)
  • tying off fallopian tubes
  • surgical cutting or burning through tissue
157
Q

abortion (AB)

A
  • termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own
  • expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before viability
  • spontaneous (miscarriage) or induced (SAB)
  • induced can be therapeutic (when women is in danger) or elective (request)
  • vaginal evacuation by D&C or vacuum aspiration (suction)
  • stimulation of uterine contractions by injection of saline into amniotic cavity (second-trimester)
  • incomplete abortion- without expulsion of all of the products of conception
158
Q

amniocentesis

A
  • needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
  • cells of the fetus are cultured (grown) and cytologic and biochemical studies are performed to check fetal chromosomes
  • concentrations of proteins and bilirubin and fetal maturation
159
Q

cesarean section

A
  • surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus
  • done when cephalopelvic disproportion (babys head is too big), avruptio placentae, placenta previa, fetal distress, and breech or shoulder presentation
160
Q

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A
  • sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis
  • sample of tissue is removed with a catheter inserted into the uterus
  • can be done before amniocentesis (10 or more weeks of gestation)
161
Q

fetal monitoring

A

-continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to assess fetal status and the progress of labor

162
Q

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

A
  • egg and sperm cells are combine outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization
  • after incubation period of 3-5 days-> fertilized ova are injected into the uterus through the cervix
163
Q

nullipara

A

-never gave birth

164
Q

menometrorrhagia

A

-excessive bleeding during and between menstrual periods

165
Q

episiotomy

A
  • incision in the perineum

- enlarge the vagina and assist in childbirth

166
Q

fundus

A

myometrium

  • where endometrium is
  • ectopic
167
Q

internal os

A
  • cant be examined on pap smear
  • cant go into far enough here
  • says nothing about uterine or ovarian
168
Q

external os

A

can be examined on pap smear

  • wear the opening is
  • pap smear gives information about cervix
169
Q

-metry

A

measurement

170
Q

partum

A

childbirth, labor

171
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

172
Q

-plasia

A

formation, growth

173
Q

-rrhea

A

expected flow, discharge

-light period

174
Q

-rrhaphy

175
Q

-rrhage, -rrhagia

A
  • flowing forth

- heavy menstrual period

176
Q

adenomyosis

A

-presence of endometrial tissue growing through the myometrium

177
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstrual bleeding

178
Q

cervical dysplasia

A

development of abnormal cells in the lining of the

179
Q

36-40 weeks

A

-fully developed baby

180
Q

stilborn

A
  • not an abortion

- fully developed child dies

181
Q

coloporrhaphy

A
  • anterior/posterior repair

- surgical procedure that repairs a defect in the wall of the vagina

182
Q

hysterectomy

A

-surgical excision of the uterus

183
Q

total abdominal hysterectomy

A
  • -TAH
  • surgical excision of the uterus and cervix (with or without removal of the ovaires or salpinges) through an incision in the abdomen
184
Q

vaginal hysterectomy

A

-surgical excision of he uterus and cervix through and incision deep inside the vagina

185
Q

myomectomy

A

-surgical removal of myomas

186
Q

ooporectomy

A

-surgical excision of an ovary

187
Q

pessary

A

appliance of varied form, introduced into the vagina to support the uterus or to correct any displacement

188
Q

salpingectomy

A

-surgical excision of a salpinx

189
Q

salpingo-oophorectomy

A

-surgical excision of a salpinx and an ovary

190
Q

uterotomy, hysterotomy

A

incision of the uterus

191
Q

vulvectomy

A

surgical removal of all or part of the vulva

192
Q

apgar score

A

-numeric result of a test conducted on an infant immediately after delivery to evaluate a newborns physical condition quickly

HAN 312 (19 decks)

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