8. Female Reproductive System Flashcards

Question

genitalia

Answer 1

reproductive organs | -aka genitals

Answer 2

- period from fertilization of the ovum to birth | - gestational- pertaining to pregnancy

Answer 3

- female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cell hormones - ovary or testis

Answer 4

-study of the female reproductive organs including the breasts

Answer 5

-hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating (-tropin) that ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone

Answer 6

-mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina

Answer 7

- lips of the vagina - labia majora are the larger, outmost lips - and labia minora are the smaller innermost lips

Answer 8

-tubes that carry milk within the breast

Answer 9

secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation

Answer 10

- nipple of the breast | - papilla is any small nipple shaped projection

Answer 11

-beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce

Answer 12

- monthly shedding of the uterine lining | - the flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is celled the menses

Answer 13

-muscle layer of the uterus

Answer 14

-branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn (neonate)

Answer 15

-branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth

Answer 16

-an opening

Answer 17

- developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary | - only about 400 of these sacs mature in a womans lifetime

Answer 18

- one of a pair of female organs (gonads) on each side of the pelvis. -Ovaries are almond shaped - about size of large walnuts - produce egg cells (ova) and hormones.

Answer 19

-release of the ovum from the ovary

Answer 20

- mature egg cell (female gamete) | - ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes

Answer 21

-act of giving birth

Answer 22

-in females the area between the anus and vagina

Answer 23

- endocrine gland at the base of the brain - produces hormones that stimulate the ovaries - pituitary gland also regulates other endocrine organs

Answer 24

- vascular organ attaches to the uterine wall during pregnancy - permits the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and fetus

Answer 25

-condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks

Answer 26

-hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women

Answer 27

point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced

Answer 28

outermost layer surrounding the uterus

Answer 29

- hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop - where menstruation occurs - upper portion is the fundus - middle portion is the corpus - lowermost, neck-like portion is the cervix

Answer 30

-muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body

Answer 31

- external female genitalia | - includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice

Answer 32

-stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation up to 2 weeks

Answer 33

bartholin gland

Answer 34

cervix, neck

Answer 35

cul-de-sac

Answer 36

woman, female

Answer 37

uterus, womb

Answer 38

menses, menstruation

Answer 39

muscle, muscle tumor

Answer 40

pregnancy and childbrith

Answer 41

fallopian tubes

Answer 42

-beginning

Answer 43

-pregnancy

Answer 44

bearing, bringing forth

Answer 45

-fallopian (uterine) tube

Answer 46

labor, birth

Answer 47

act of turning

Answer 48

no, not, none

Answer 49

- malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer) | - infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common cause

Answer 50

- inflammation of the cervix - chronic - lining of the cervix is not renewed monthly - caused by bacteria

Answer 51

- malignant tumor of the uterine lining (adenocarcinoma) - sign- postmenopausal bleeding - usually in women with high levels of estrogen

Answer 52

- endometrial tissue located outside the uterus - inflammation and scar tissue - may cause infertility and dyspareunia - result of growth of bits of menstrual endometrium that have passed backward through the lumen (opening) of the fallopian tube and into the peritoneal cavity

Answer 53

- benign tumors in the uterus - aka leiomyomata or leiomyomas - composed of fibrous tissue and muscle

Answer 54

- preinvasive neoplastic lesions - diagnose through pap test - lead to cancer

Answer 55

- malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma) - two types: serous (clear fluid) and mucinous (thick, pasty fluid) cystic adenocarcinomas - causes ascites - mutations include: BRCA1 and BRCA2

Answer 56

- collections of fluid within sacs (cysts) in the ovary - some are benign and lined with typical cells of the ovary - originate in unruptured follicular cysts or in follicles that have ruptured and immediately been sealed (luteal cyst) - some cysts are cancerous (cystadenocarcinomas)

Answer 57

- contain a variety of cell types and arise from immature egg cells - benign cystic teratoma - can have hair, teeth

Answer 58

inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region - salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis - leading cause is STIs - repetitive STIs leads to infections and scarring in fallopian tubes - increases risk of ectopic pregnancy and infertility - fever, discharge, ab pain

Answer 59

- gonorrhea - chlamydial infection - syphilis - genital herpes - HPV infection and genital warts

Answer 60

- malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts) - most common- invasive ductal carcinoma - lobular, medullary carcinomas - breast cancer first spread to lymph nodes in armpit, then skin and chest -> can appear in other parts of body bc of lymph nodes

Answer 61

-removal of the entire breast

Answer 62

-performed with help of mammography for guidance

Answer 63

- for small primary tumors - lump with immediately surrounding tissue is removed - usually radiation therapy after

Answer 64

- determines whether the tumor has spread to lymph nodes | - blue dye or radioisotope is injected into the tumor site and tracks to the axillary lymph nodes

Answer 65

- test breast cancer tumors for the presence of estrogen receptors - determines which treatment is best - 2/3 of breast cancer of ER positive - positive indicates that tumor will respond to hormonal therapy

Answer 66

- blocks ER reception - first type - block effects of estrogen and kill ER positive breast cancer cells

Answer 67

- particularly useful in treating postmenopausal women - second type - block production of estrogen by inhibiting the enzyme, aromatase

Answer 68

- receptor protein - found in some breast cancers - signals high risk of tumor recurrence

Answer 69

-antibody that binds to and blocks HER2 -effective in stopping growth when used with chemotherapy -

Answer 70

-lack estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 and are rapidly growing but respond well to chemotherapy

Answer 71

- numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the breast - benign - modular (lumpy) consistency of the breast - associated with premenstrual tenderness and fullness - Mammography and surgical biopsy are indicated to differentiate fibrocystic changes from carcinoma of the breast

Answer 72

- premature separate of the normally implanted placenta - occurs from trauma, such as a fall - could be secondary to vascular insufficiency resulting from hypertension or preeclampsia - sign and symptoms are acute abruption, burning, bleeding

Answer 73

- implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location - most occur in the fallopian tubes (from previous scarring) - rupture of ectopic implant can lead to a lot of bleeding or death - likely with STIs and pelvic inflammatory disorder - can float outside into the abdominal cavity (rare)

Answer 74

- more than one fetus inside the uterus | - multiple births are increasing

Answer 75

- implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus (instead of upper) - signs- painless bleeding, hemorrhage, premature labor - cesarean delivery recommended

Answer 76

- abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache - managed by bed rest and close monitoring of BP - can cause seizures, flashing lights - final untreated stage is called eclampsia- can cause death - medication- magnesium sulfate - baby should be delivered ASAP

Answer 77

-chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low set ears, and slanted eyes

Answer 78

-Hemolytic disease in the newborn (HDN) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus

Answer 79

- acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn - aka respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS) - caused by surfactant deficiency - surfactant is administered - hyaline- shiny membrane that forms in the lung sacs

Answer 80

- accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain - entire head can enlarge because the bones of the skull do not completely fuse together - soft spot or fontanelle between cranial bones -> allow for swelling - occurs because of problem in circulation of fluid within the brain and spinal cord

Answer 81

- abnormal inhalation of meconium produced by a fetus or newborn - meconium- thick, sticky, greenish-black substance - first intestinal discharge (stool) from newborns - intrauterine distress can cause passage into amniotic fluid - once meconium goes into amniotic fluid the fetus may breathe it -> breathing problems, inflammation

Answer 82

- narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum - may be present at birth - frequently associated with down syndrome - surgical repair may be necessary

Answer 83

- papanicolaou - microscopic exam of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix to detect abnormal changes - after inserting speculum, small spatula removes exfoliated cells from the cervix and vagina - microscopic analysis of the cell smear detects cervical or vaginal cellular abnormalities

Answer 84

- blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG | - hCG is secreted by fertilized ovum

Answer 85

- x-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material - evaluates tubal patency (adequate opening) and uterine cavity abnormalities

Answer 86

- x-ray imaging of the breast - screen for breast cancer - digital tomosynthesis- tube moves in an arc sac around the breast as several images are taken -> less painful, easier to find dense breast tissue

Answer 87

- technologies using sound waves and a magnetic field to create images of breast tissue - confirm the presence of a mass - can distinguish a cystic from a solid mass - good for people with history breast cancer or dense breasts

Answer 88

- recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region - evaluate fetal size, anatomy, fetal and placental position - can diagnose uterine and pelvic masses including abcesses

Answer 89

allows the radiologist a closer, sharper look at organs within the pelvis - sound probe in the vagina instead of over the pelvis or abdomen - method is best used to evaluate fluid filled cyst - using a transducer inserted into the vagina to view internal female reproductive organs

Answer 90

- withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction - aspiration needle biopsy is a valuable evaluation technique for patients with breast disease

Answer 91

- destruction of abnormal tissue by burning - uses chemicals (silver nitrate) or an electrically heated instrument - treats cervical dysplasia or cervical erosion - loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP) used to furhter assess and often treat abnormal cervical

Answer 92

- visual exam of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope (thin lighted endoscope inserted into the vagina to allow for direct visualization of vagina and cervix) - lighted magnifying instrument resembling a small, mounted pair of binoculars - preferred for cervical dysplasia because it identifies specific areas of abnormal cells

Answer 93

- removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix - resects the tissue using LEEP (loop electrocautery excision procedure) or with a carbon dioxide laser or surgical knife

Answer 94

- use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue - liquid nitrogen probe produces the freezing temperature - aka cryocauterization

Answer 95

- needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac - inserts a needle through the vagina into the cul-de-sac - presence of blood may indicate a ruptured ectopic pregnancy or ruptured ovarian cyst

Answer 96

- widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus - dilation is done by inserting a series of dilators of increasing diameter - curet (metal loop at the end of a long, thing handle) is used to sample uterine lining - diagnoses uterine disease and can temporarily halt prolonged or heavy uterine bleeding - also used to remove tissue during spontaneous abortion

Answer 97

- removal of internal organs within a cavity | - pelvic exenteration is removal of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis

Answer 98

- visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope) - minimally invasive surgery (MIS) - small incisions are made near the navel for introduction of laparoscope - inspection and removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes - diagnoses endometriosis, removal of fibroids - performs subtotal and total hysterectomies

Answer 99

- blocking the fallopian tubes (salpinges) to prevent fertilization from occurring - sterilization - uses laparoscopy or hysteroscope - tubes between the ligations are removed - inserted through cervical os (opening) - tying off fallopian tubes - surgical cutting or burning through tissue

Answer 100

- termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own - expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before viability - spontaneous (miscarriage) or induced (SAB) - induced can be therapeutic (when women is in danger) or elective (request) - vaginal evacuation by D&C or vacuum aspiration (suction) - stimulation of uterine contractions by injection of saline into amniotic cavity (second-trimester) - incomplete abortion- without expulsion of all of the products of conception

Answer 101

- needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis - cells of the fetus are cultured (grown) and cytologic and biochemical studies are performed to check fetal chromosomes - concentrations of proteins and bilirubin and fetal maturation

Answer 102

- surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus - done when cephalopelvic disproportion (babys head is too big), avruptio placentae, placenta previa, fetal distress, and breech or shoulder presentation

Answer 103

- sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis - sample of tissue is removed with a catheter inserted into the uterus - can be done before amniocentesis (10 or more weeks of gestation)

Answer 104

-continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to assess fetal status and the progress of labor

Answer 105

- egg and sperm cells are combine outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization - after incubation period of 3-5 days-> fertilized ova are injected into the uterus through the cervix

Answer 106

-never gave birth

Answer 107

-excessive bleeding during and between menstrual periods

Answer 108

- incision in the perineum | - enlarge the vagina and assist in childbirth

Answer 109

myometrium - where endometrium is - ectopic

Answer 110

- cant be examined on pap smear - cant go into far enough here - says nothing about uterine or ovarian

Answer 111

can be examined on pap smear - wear the opening is - pap smear gives information about cervix

Answer 112

measurement

Answer 113

childbirth, labor

Answer 114

surgical fixation

Answer 115

formation, growth

Answer 116

expected flow, discharge | -light period

Answer 117

- flowing forth | - heavy menstrual period

Answer 118

-presence of endometrial tissue growing through the myometrium

Answer 119

absence of menstrual bleeding

Answer 120

development of abnormal cells in the lining of the

Answer 121

-fully developed baby

Answer 122

- not an abortion | - fully developed child dies

Answer 123

- anterior/posterior repair | - surgical procedure that repairs a defect in the wall of the vagina

Answer 124

-surgical excision of the uterus

Answer 125

- -TAH - surgical excision of the uterus and cervix (with or without removal of the ovaires or salpinges) through an incision in the abdomen

Answer 126

-surgical excision of he uterus and cervix through and incision deep inside the vagina

Answer 127

-surgical removal of myomas

Answer 128

-surgical excision of an ovary

Answer 129

appliance of varied form, introduced into the vagina to support the uterus or to correct any displacement

Answer 130

-surgical excision of a salpinx

Answer 131

-surgical excision of a salpinx and an ovary

Answer 132

incision of the uterus

Answer 133

surgical removal of all or part of the vulva

Answer 134

-numeric result of a test conducted on an infant immediately after delivery to evaluate a newborns physical condition quickly