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HAN 312 > 11. Cardiovascular > Flashcards

11. Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

right diaphragm

A
  • higher due to liver

- there is problem is the diaphragms are on the same level

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2
Q

tuberculosis

A
  • traveling
  • cough
  • night sweats
  • pockets of fluid in the lungs (upper airways)
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3
Q

pneumonia

A
  • infection

- on one side can travel to other side

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4
Q

atelectasis

A
  • trachea is not midline

- lung collapse

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5
Q

pulmonary artery/vein

A
  • opposite
  • exception
  • artery- deoxygenated blood
  • vein- oxygenated
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6
Q

tricuspid

A

-right side

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7
Q

patient has lower extremity edema

A
  • problem with the
  • back flow problem
  • pooling in right side of heart
  • problem with delivering blood to body (aorta, left side of heart)
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8
Q

bicuspid

A

-mitral valve

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9
Q

hearts own blood supply

A
  • coronary arteries
  • get blood supply where the aortic valve is
  • if aortic valve is defective -> heart problems, myocardium
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10
Q

veins

A

-where ever there is veins there is lymphatic system

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11
Q

pericardium

A
  • superficial fibrous
  • protects
  • anchors
  • prevents overfill
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12
Q

epicardium

A

-visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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13
Q

parietal pericardium

A

surrounds the whole heart

-outer

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14
Q

visceral pericardium

A

hugs the heart

-inner

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15
Q

pericarditis

A
  • inflammation of the pericardium
  • infection
  • painful
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16
Q

endocardium

A

-lines the ventricles and atria

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17
Q

interatrial septum

A

separates the atria

-muscle division

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18
Q

interventricular septum

A

separates the ventricles

-muscle division

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19
Q

strep infection -> rheumatic heart disease

A
  • overtime can cause a condition with one of the valves
  • affects a layer of the heart -> endocardium
  • carditis in the endocardium
  • endocarditis
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20
Q

vital signs

A
  • breathing rate
  • temperature
  • blood pressure
  • heart rate
  • height
  • weight
  • BMI
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21
Q

bundle of his

A

-at the top of the septum

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22
Q

SA nodes

A
  • controlled by CNS, brainstem

- action potentials

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23
Q

SA nodes

A
  • controlled by CNS, brainstem

- action potentials

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24
Q

tricuspid valve

A

-sounds typically heard in right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space

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25
Q

S1, S2

A

lub dub

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26
Q

aortic valve

A

-sounds heard in 2nd intercostals space at right sternal margin

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27
Q

pulmonary valve

A

-sounds heard in 2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin

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28
Q

mitral valve

A

-sounds heard over heart apex (in 5th intercostal space) in line with middle of clavicle

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29
Q

arrhythmias

A
  • abnormal heart rhythms
  • dysrhythmias
  • problems with the conduction or electrical system of the heart
  • not a full PQARST rhythm (not 60-100)
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30
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body

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31
Q

apex of the heart

A

lower tip of the heart

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32
Q

artery

A

largest type of blood vessel

-carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body

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33
Q

arteriole

A

-small artery

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34
Q

atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

specialized tissue in the wall between the atria
-electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward ventricles

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35
Q

atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

A

specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them

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36
Q

atrium

A

-one of two upper chambers of the heart

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37
Q

capillary

A
  • smallest blood vessel

- materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls

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38
Q

coronary arteries

A

-blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

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39
Q

carbon dioxide

A

-gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation

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40
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

blood that in oxygen poor

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41
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase of the heartbeat

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42
Q

electrocardiogram

A

record of the electricity flowing through the heart

-electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T

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43
Q

endocardium

A

-inner lining of the heart

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44
Q

endothelium

A

innermost lining of blood vessels

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45
Q

mitral valve

A

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

-bicuspid valve

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46
Q

murmur

A

abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves

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47
Q

myocardium

A

muscular, middle layer of the heart

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48
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A

heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60-100 beats per minute

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49
Q

oxygen

A

gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells

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50
Q

pacemaker (sinoatrial node)

A

specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that beings the heart beat
-an artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning

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51
Q

pericardium

A

double layered membrane surrounding the heart

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52
Q

pulmonary artery

A

artery carrying oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs

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53
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

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54
Q

pulmonary valve

A

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

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55
Q

pulmonary vein

A

one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

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56
Q

pulse

A

beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries

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57
Q

septum

A

partition or wall dividing a cavity

-such as between the right and left atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum)

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58
Q

sinoatrial node (SA node)

A

pacemaker of the heart

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59
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

instrument to measure blood pressure

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60
Q

systemic circulation

A

flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues

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61
Q

systole

A

contraction phase of the heart beat

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62
Q

tricuspid valve

A

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

-it has three leaflets, or cusps

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63
Q

valve

A

structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction

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64
Q

vein

A

thin walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart
-veins contain valves to prevent back flow

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65
Q

vena cava

A

largest vein in the body

-superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart

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66
Q

ventricle

A

one of two lower chambers of the heart

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67
Q

venule

A

small vein

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68
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

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69
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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70
Q

arter/o; arteri/o

A

artery

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71
Q

ather/o

A

yellowish plaque, fatty substance

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72
Q

atri/o

A

atrium, upper heart chamber

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73
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

74
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

75
Q

cholesterol/o

A

cholesterol (lipid substance)

76
Q

coron/o

A

heart

77
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

78
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

79
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen

80
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

81
Q

rrhythm/o

A

rhythm

82
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

83
Q

steth/o

A

chest

84
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

85
Q

valvul/o

A

valve

86
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

87
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel

88
Q

ven/o, ven/i

A

vein

89
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle, lower heart chamber

90
Q

arrhythmias

A

-abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)

91
Q

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

A
  • arrhythmia
  • failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
  • bradycardia
  • if this happens sometimes irregular rhythm
  • if this is consistent ventricles contract slower than atria and are not coordinate -> complete heart block
92
Q

flutter

A
  • rapid but regular contraction, usually of the atria
  • may reach up to 300 beats per minute
  • symptoms of heart disease
93
Q

fibrillation

A
  • very rapid, random inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute)
  • impulses move randomly -> quiver
  • prescribe anticoagulants
  • atrial fibrillation (AF)- most common arrhythmia
  • ventricular fibrillation (VF)- electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles
94
Q

paroxysmal AF

A

-irregular heart beats occur periodically and episodically

95
Q

permanent or persistent AF

A

irregular heartbeats continue indefinitely

  • can lead to blood clots
  • greater risk for stroke
96
Q

permanent or persistent AF

A

irregular heart

97
Q

ventricular fibrillation (VF)

A
  • electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles
  • can cause cardiac death or heart attack
  • can be interrupted with defibrillation
  • medication: digoxin, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers
  • treats people with high risk for having ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and cardiac arrest
98
Q

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

A
  • small electrical device that is implanted inside the chest

- sense arrhythmias and terminate with electric shock

99
Q

automatic external defibrillators

A
  • AED

- reverse ventricular fibrillation

100
Q

catheter ablation

A

-minimally invasive treatment for cardiac arrhythmias
-uses radiofrequency energy delivered from the tip of catheter inserted through blood vessel into heart
-destroys tissues that causes arrhythmias
-treats Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular
tachycardia (VT)

101
Q

congenital heart disease

A

-abnormalities in the heart at birth

102
Q

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

A

narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta

-treated with surgical removal of constricted region and end-to-end anastomosis of the aortic segments

103
Q

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A
  • passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth
  • oxygenated blood from the aorta flows into the pulmonary artery
  • congenital
104
Q

septal defects

A
  • small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects)
  • close spontaneously if not requires open heart surgery
  • congenital
105
Q

tetralogy of fallot

A
  • causes cyanosis (blue baby)
  • congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects:
  • pulmonary artery stenosis- pulmonary artery is narrow or obstructed
  • ventricular septal defect- large hole between two ventricles lets venous blood pass from the right to the left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation
  • shift of the aorta to the right- aorta overrides the interventricular septum, oxygen poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the aorta
  • hypertrophy of the right ventricle- myocardium works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery
106
Q

transposition of the heart arteries (TGA)

A
  • pulmonary artery from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle
  • causes cyanosis and hypoxia
107
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A
  • heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
  • two types: systolic and diastolic
  • causes shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, fluid retention, pulmonary edema(-fluid accumulation in the lungs)
108
Q

systolic congestive heart failure (CHF)

A
  • left ventricular dysfunction results in a low ejection fraction (the amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle)
  • less blood is pumped from the heart
109
Q

diastolic congestive heart failure (CHF)

A
  • heart can contract normally but is stiff when relaxed or filling with blood
  • fluid backs up in the lungs and other parts of body
  • cause is hypertension
110
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (type 1), beta blockers, spironolactone, digoxin

A

increases excretion of water and sodium by the kidney

  • treats congestive heart failure
  • lowers blood pressure
111
Q

left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

A
  • booster pump implanted in the abdomen, with a cannula (tube) inserted into the left ventricle
  • pumps blood out of the heart to the body
  • used while waiting for heart transplant or if it isnt an option
112
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

-disease of the arteries surrounding the heart
-coronary arteries arise from the aorta
-usually a results of atherosclerosis (fatty compound deposition on inner lining of coronary arteries)
-

113
Q

thrombotic occulsion

A

-blocking of the coronary artery by a clot

-

114
Q

ischemia

A

decreased blood flow

115
Q

infarct

A
  • area of dead myocardial tissue
  • replaced by scar tissue
  • caused by thrombotic occlusion -> ischemia -> necrosis
116
Q

myocardial infarction

A

-atherosclerosis (fatty compound on inner lining of artery) -> thrombotic occlusion (clot) -> ischemia (decreased blood flow) -> necrosis -> infarction

117
Q

acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)

A

conditions caused by myocardial ischemia

  • unstable angina (chest pain or chest pain of increasing frequency)
  • myocardial infarction
  • consequence of plaque rupture in coronary arteries
  • treat with stents, balloon catheter, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents
118
Q

nitroglycerin

A
  • treats angina
  • taken sublingually (under tongue)
  • nitrate- vasodilator that increases coronary blood flow and lower BP
119
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

-relax muscles in blood vessels
-used to treat angina and hypertension
-dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of
calcium into muscle cells lining vessels.

120
Q

statin

A

lower cholesterol

121
Q

beta blockers

A

reduce the force and speed of heart beat and lower BP

  • used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias
  • blocks the epinephrine at receptor sites on cells -> slows heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart
122
Q

asprin

A

prevent clumping of platelets

123
Q

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

A

open heart operation for CAD

-replaced clogged vessels

124
Q

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

A
  • catheterization with balloons and stents open clogged coronary arteries
  • treats CAD
125
Q

endocarditis

A
  • inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
  • produces lesions called vegetations that break off into blood stream as emboli (material that travels through blood)
  • emboli can lodge -> transient ischemic attack (TIA or stroke) or petechiae
  • treated by antibiotics
126
Q

hypertensive heart disease

A
  • high blood pressure affecting the heart
  • this condition results from the narrowing of arterioles -> increased BP
  • causes left ventricular hypertrophy- pumps more vigorously to overcome increased resistance in arteries
127
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A
  • improper closure of the mitral valve
  • mitral valve enlarges and prolapses into the left atrium during systole
  • doctor hears auscultation and mitral regurgitation
  • most live normally but can cause endocarditis
128
Q

murmur

A
  • extra heart sounds heart between normal beats
  • usually caused by valvular defect or disease that disrupt smooth flow of blood in heart
  • bruit- heart on auscultation
  • thrill- vibration felt on palpation of chest
129
Q

pericarditis

A
  • inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart
  • usually results from pulmonary infection
  • pericardial friction rub found with auscultation
  • treated with antibiotics
130
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

-compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity

131
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A
  • heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
  • rheumatic fever is a childhood disease that follows streptococcal infection with sore throat
  • heart valves can be damaged by inflammation and scarred with vegetations
  • treated with penicillin
  • mitral stenosis, atrial fibrillation, and congestive heart failure can results in rheumatic heart disease
132
Q

aneurysm

A
  • local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall
  • caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension or congenital weakness in vessel wall
  • danger of an aneurysm is rupture and hemorrhage
  • treatment for large arteries -> stent
133
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A
  • blood clot (thrombus) form in a large vein, usually in a lower limb
  • results in pulmonary embolism (clot travels to lung) if not treated
  • treated with anitcoagulant
134
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

-high blood pressure
-most is essential hypertension
-treated by diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium
channel blockers, beta-blockers, Losing weight, limiting sodium (salt) intake, stopping smoking, and reducing fat in the diet
-secondary hypertension- increased in pressure caused by another associated lesion

135
Q

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

A

-blocking of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs
-sign is intermittent claudication- no pain in leg at rest but pain when walking
-

136
Q

raynauds disease

A
  • recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes
  • affects blood flow in arteries
  • marked by brief episodes of intense constriction and vasospasms of arterioles in young health women
  • triggered by cold temp, emotional stress, or cigarette smoking and caffeine
137
Q

varicose veins

A
  • abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs
  • caused by damaged valves that fail to prevent backflow
  • blood collects in veins -> enlarged
  • varicose veins in anus- hemorrhoids
  • treats with sclerotherapy
138
Q

angina (pectoris)

A

-chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia
-Stable angina occurs predictably with
exertion
-unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with less exertion

139
Q

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

A

-antihypertensive drug
-blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing
blood vessels to dilate
-prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death.

140
Q

biventricular pacemaker

A

-Device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out
of the heart.

141
Q

bruit

A

abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ

142
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

-pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space

143
Q

claudication

A

-Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest

144
Q

digoxin

A

-drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat

145
Q

embolus

A

-Clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel.

146
Q

infarction

A

-area of dead tissue

147
Q

nitrates

A

Drugs used in the treatment of angina. They dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and
oxygen to myocardial tissue.

148
Q

nitroglycerin

A

nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina

149
Q

occulsion

A

closure of a blood vessel due to blockage

150
Q

palpitations

A

Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

151
Q

patent

A

open

152
Q

pericardial friction rub

A
  • scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart
  • suggestive of pericarditis
153
Q

statins

A

-drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream

154
Q

thrill

A

vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery)

155
Q

vegetations

A

-clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and RBC on diseased heart valves

156
Q

BNP test

A
  • Measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood
  • elevated in patients with heart failure
  • assess the degree of heart failure
  • useful in the diagnosis of CHF in patients with dyspnea
  • secreted when the heart becomes overloaded, and acts as a diuretic to help heart function return to normal
157
Q

cardiac biomarkers

A
  • chemicals measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack.
  • damaged heart muscle releases chemicals into
  • substances tested for: troponin-I & troponin-T
  • predicting risk for heart attack, stroke, or other major heart disease.
158
Q

lipid tests (lipid profile)

A
  • measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample
  • high levels associated with atherosclerosis
  • greater than 200 is high risk
  • saturated fats increase cholesterol
  • polyunsaturated fats decrease blood cholesterol
  • treatment: statins
159
Q

lipoprotein electrophoresis

A
  • lipoproteins (Combinations of fat and proteins) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample
  • ex. low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein
160
Q

angiography

A
  • x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material
  • arteriography is x-ray imaging of arteries after injection of contrast via a catheter into aorta or artery
161
Q

computed tomography angiography (CTA)

A

-3-D x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed
tomography

162
Q

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A
  • video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels
  • takes two pictures before and after contrast material
163
Q

beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)

A

early CAD

  • coronary artery calcium score
  • indicates future risk of heart attack and stroke
  • score >400 high risk
164
Q

doppler ultrasound studies

A

-sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels

165
Q

echocardiography (ECHO)

A

echoes generated by high frequency sound waves produce images of the heart
-show structure and movement of heart

166
Q

cardiac MRI

A
  • images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field
  • multiple planes
  • info about left and right ventricular function, wall thickness, and fibrosis, aneurysms, cardiac output, and patency of peripheral and coronary arteries
167
Q

cardiac catheterization

A
  • thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery
  • detects pressure and patterns of blood flow in the heart
  • contrast injected and x-ray images taken of the heart and blood vessels
168
Q

electrocardiography

A
  • recording of electricity flowing through the heart

- monitoring patients heart rhythm

169
Q

holter monitoring

A
  • an ECG device is worn during a 24 hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
  • rhythm changes are correlated with symptoms recorded in a diary
170
Q

stress test

A
  • exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart response to physical exertion (stress)
  • 3-minute stages at set speed and elevation of a treadmill
  • monitors vital signs and ECG rhythms
  • diagnoses CAD and left ventricular function
171
Q

catheter ablation

A
  • brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias
  • catheter guided through vein in leg to vena cava and into the heart
172
Q

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

A
  • arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages
  • vein grafts are used to keep myocardium supplied with oxygenated blood
173
Q

defibrillation

A

-brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation)

174
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery

-carotid endarterectomy- remove plaque buildup in the carotid artery to reduce risk of stroke

175
Q

extracorporeal circulation

A
  • heart lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired
  • oxygenated the blood and returns it to blood vessel
  • uses extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
176
Q

heart transplantation

A
  • donor heart is transferred to a recipient

- while waiting you may need left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

177
Q

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

A
  • balloon tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery
  • stent are put in place
178
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

-drugs to dissolve colts are injected into the bloodstream of patient with coronary thrombosis

179
Q

transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

A

-placement of a balloon expandable aortic heart valve into the body via catheter

180
Q

carotid artery

A

blood to brain

HAN 312 (19 decks)

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